Principle 1 Specify behavior

Behavioral research demonstrates that signs with general messages and no specification of a desired behavior to perform (or an undesirable behavior to avoid) have very little impact on actual behavior. However, signs that refer to a specific behavior can be beneficial. 

For example, my students and I conducted several field experiments in the 1970s on the behavioral effects of environmental protection messages. In one series of studies, we gave incoming customers of grocery stores promotional flyers which included 

A general antilitter message ( Please don t litter. Please dispose of properly ). 

A specific behavioral request ( Please deposit in green trash can in rear of store ). 

Later we searched the stores for our flyers and measured the impact of the different instructions. 

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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of the stipulation that a quantum particle is a wave packet. The mathematical construction of a wave packet from plane waves of varying wave numbers dictates the relation (1.44). It is not the situation that while the position and the momentum of the particle are well-defined, they cannot be measured simultaneously to any desired degree of accuracy. The position and momentum are, in fact, not simultaneously precisely defined. The more precisely one is defined, the less precisely is the other, in accordance with equation (1.44). This situation is in contrast to classical-mechanical behavior, where both the position and the momentum can, in principle, be specified simultaneously as precisely as one wishes. 

In principle, once the stoichiometry and rate constants of all elementary steps are specified, the dynamic behavior of the entire metabolic network can be evaluated using the dynamic mass-balance Eq. (5). However, such an approach is only rarely employed in practice. The numerical simulation of enzymatic... 

Differences in the molecular characteristics and interactive behavior of biosolutes can thus be revealed from these HPLC separations, through quantitative evaluation of the thermodynamic and extrathermodynamic differences manifested in the interaction of the biosolutes with the sorbent, under a defined set of mobile phase conditions at specified temperature and pressure. Exploitation of these principles forms the basis for the evaluation of the retention coefficients of polypeptides1,53,62,143 146,214 (through the dependency of linear free energy relationships given by group retention indices such... 

Limitations on the values of the quantum numbers lead to the familiar aufbau (German, Aujbau, building up) principle, where the buildup of electrons in atoms results from continually increasing the quantum numbers. Any combination of the quantum numbers presented so far correctly describes electron behavior in a hydrogen atom, where there is only one electron. Flowever, interactions between electrons in polyelectronic atoms require that the order of filling of orbitals be specified when more than one electron is in the same atom. In this process, we start with the lowest n, I, and m, values (1, 0, and 0, respectively) and either of the m values (we will arbitrarily use — 5 first). Three mles will then give us the proper order for the remaining electrons as we increase the quantum numbers in the order m , m, I, and n. 

What has been presented so far in this chapter would appear in level 1 of an intent specification. The second level of an intent specification contains System Design Principles—the basic system design and scientific and engineering principles needed to achieve the behavior specified in the top level, as well as any derived requirements and design features not related to the level 1 requirements. 

A source of random numbers is required by any Monte Carlo experiment. It is certainly possible, in principle, to produce numbers that are random in that they are the result of some random physical process such as radioactive decay, but such techniques are almost never used today. Instead one uses a mathematical relation that produces a sequence of numbers that will pass a specified battery of statistical tests. The numbers are not random in that their sequence is determined by the generator, but various statistical tests cannot distinguish them from random numbers. To be more specific we want a sequence of numbers / = 1,2,3,... that are uniform in the interval (0,1) and that are not seriously correlated. A possible sequence of statistical tests would examine uniformity of < in the unit interval, of 2i 2i+i in the unit square, of 3h 3i+u 31+2 in the unit cube, and so on until correlation behavior of a sufficient order (for the experiment in question) has been considered. 

The chemist s problem is to predict retention behavior for solutes while lacking a good system for specifying polarity. We saw in Chapter 3 that the adjusted retention volume is directly proportional to the distribution constant K, so it could serve as a measure of polarity, but distribution constants are not generally known. The best we can do within the context of this brief text is to discuss some of the basic principles of polarity based on our knowledge of intermolecular forces. 

Although there are many definitions of chaos (Gleick, 1987), for our purposes a chaotic system may be defined as one having three properties deterministic dynamics, aperiodicity, and sensitivity to initial conditions. Our first requirement implies that there exists a set of laws, in the case of homogeneous chemical reactions, rate laws, that is, first-order ordinary differential equations, that govern the time evolution of the system. It is not necessary that we be able to write down these laws, but they must be specifiable, at least in principle, and they must be complete, that is, the system cannot be subject to hidden and/or random influences. The requirement of aperiodicity means that the behavior of a chaotic system in time never repeats. A truly chaotic system neither reaches a stationary state nor behaves periodically in its phase space, it traverses an infinite path, never passing more than once through the same point. 

There are different situations within the miscible or partially miscible categories that need to be recognized and analyzed separately. The main groupings are mixtures of two chemically different species, only one of which crystallizes two chemically different species, each of which crystallizes independently two chemically different species that co-crystallize (6) and mixtures of chemically identical polymer species that either do or do not co-crystaUize. Each particular case must be specified a priori before an analysis can be undertaken. The literature concerned with the behavior of blends of crystalUzable components is voluminous. Selection has, therefore, been limited to examples that illustrate the basic principles involved. 

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