Principle of independent action

As was noted earlier, a reliability model based on the principle of independent action would be a candidate for a first approximation macroscopic... 

Since the molecules of an ideal gas do not appreciably attract one another and do not take up any appreciable volume, each component in a mixture behaves like it is existing by itself, leading to the additive partial-pressure phenomenon. J. W. Gibbs stated the principle of independent action The energy function of an ideal-gas mixture at T,p] is the sum of the energy functions of the components, each in its pure state at [TjpJ,... 

The Helmholtz energy of an ideal-gas mixture is, following the principle of independent action,... 

The knowledge of the stress held is a hrst step towards the analysis of the risks of failure of ceramic materials subjected to multiaxial stress, such as provided by the Weibull theory [122]. A postprocessing procedure based on the the principle of independent action (PIA) is straightforward to implement. In the case future studies highlight the limitations of this simplihcation, more rehned theories exist, such as the Batdorf theory [57]. A complete analysis tool, CARES [94] is available. 

Using Langmuir s principle of independent surface action, make qualitative calculations and decide whether the polar or the nonpolar end of ethanol should be oriented toward the mercury phase at the ethanol-mercury interface. 

Although the individual pyrethroids in the study were tested independently, the data in Tables 11-8 and 11-9 demonstrate basic principles of synergistic action. Table 11.8 shows the pyrethroids in order of their maximum additive factor of synergism by ratio. The conventional factors of synergism at these nitios are larger. It will be noted that the levels of PBO at these maximum factors of synergism are basically in reverse order and range from approximately I to 13 pg per insect,... 

The EU opposed Russia s action in this instance. The states of the EU demanded that a peacefiil and lasting solution to the conflict in Georgia must be based on full respect for the principles of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity recognised by international law, the Final Act of the Helsinki Conferenee on Seeurity and Cooperation in European and United Nations Seeurity Council resolutions. In this context, the Council deplores... 

The mastery of the principle of independence requires that the inspector is able to distinguish the factual content of an opinion from the subject who holds it. Actions should be based on the factual arguments. This is another aspect of reflexivity in regulatory practice. 

The special features of liquid crystal freestanding films should offer a unique opportunity to give a critical examination of the principle of independent surface action. 

A common explanation for such phenomena is that the gradient of the deformation rate tensor affects the flow induced anisotropy and hence the stress. It follows obviously that filled (polymer) systems cannot be "simple" fluids since their behavior, by virtue of their true nature, violates the principle of "local action," which states that the stress in a fluid element is determined by the deformation history of that fluid element and is independent of the history of neighboring elements. This is the main reason for the... 

When discussing the force action we implied a single force only. In many cases, however, a body exerts the action of several forces. In this case the principle of independence of force action is taking place if there are several forces acting on a body the acceleration exerted by the body under the action of each force is independent of whether or not other forces exist. 

The principles of GLP require an independent quality assurance (QA) program to ensure that the study is being conducted in compliance with GLP. The QA personnel cannot overlap with those of the study because of the potential conflict of interest, but they may be part-time staff if the size of the study does not warrant a full-time QA section. The responsibilities of the QA unit are to maintain copies of plans, standard operating procedures, and in particular the master schedule of the study, and to verily, in writing, that these conform to GLP. The QA unit is responsible for inspections and audits, which must be documented and the results made available to the study director and the principal investigator. The QA unit also signs off on the final report. Any problems discovered or corrective action that is recommended by the unit must be documented and followed up. 

A galvanostatic perturbation, in principle, can be applied by means of a rather simple electrical circuit, as is represented in Fig. 3(a). (More sophisticated instrumentation, employing operational amplifiers, has been described in the literature see ref. 22). It is only required that the galvanostat resistance, Rg, be large compared with the equivalent cell resistance, so that the current forced through the cell is independent of the cell properties. If the source of electricity is a d.c. source, as in Fig. 3(a), a constant current I — jA will start to flow after the time t = 0 at which the circuit is closed [see Fig. 3(b)]. The effect of this action will... 

Many compounds may interact and cause unexpected toxic effects which could not be expected from the known toxicity of the individual components. Often one of three principles applies for assessment of the interactions between compounds in a mixed exposure. These are (i) independent action or no interaction between the components (ii) interaction between the compounds (which in some cases may be dealt with by adding the expected effects of the individual compounds using a weight factor expressing the relative potency of the compounds) and (iii) no assessment is possible because the interaction mechanisms are too complex for normal toxicological evaluation. It should be noted that different types of health effects may require different types of assessments of the interactions and that these assessments have different accuracy. These interactions are the main causes of the slow process of establishing official guidelines of IAQ. Further information is found in Cochet et al., (2006). 

A mixture of electrons, ions, and atoms forms a system similar to that which we considered in Chap. X, dealing with chemical equilibrium in gases. Equilibrium is determined, as it was there, by the mass action law. This law can be derived by balancing the rates of direct and inverse collisions, but it can also be derived from thermodynamics, and the equilibrium constant can be found from the heat of reaction and the chemical constants of the various particles concerned. The heats of reaction can be found from the various ionization potentials, quantities susceptible of independent measurement, and the chemical constants are determined essentially as in Chap. VIII. Thus there are no new principles involved in studying the equilibrium of atoms, electrons, and ions, and we shall merely give a qualitative discussion in this section, the statements being equivalent to mathematical results which can be established immediately from the methods of Chap. X. 

Contrary to Descartes, Boerhaave does not see an unbridgeable gap between mind and body. He argued that body and mind are united in such a way that the mind forms ideas of pleasure and pain if the body is affected and vice versa that the body obeys the action of the mind under particular circumstances. The exact nature of the connection of body and mind is unknown, and can only be explained as a harmony established by God, which is beyond man s understanding. Just before his death Boerhaave told his friend Schul-tens that in times of severe illness he felt the immortal independent nature of the soul better than he ever understood it through reason. Experience made him realise that the soul encompasses the eternal principle of thinking, which functions independently from the body, but yet is linked to the body in a way that is beyond human understanding. 

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