Primordial germ cells mouse

Ginsburg, M., Snow, M. H. L., and McLaren, A. (1990). Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development 110 521-528. 

Godin, I., Deed, R., Cooke, J., Zsebo, K., Dexter, M., and Wylie, C. C. (1991). Effects of steel gene product on mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Nature 352 807-809. 

Mintz, B., and Russell, E. S. (1957). Gene-induced embryological modifications of primordial germ cells in the mouse. J. Exp. Zool. 134 207-230. 

Resnik, J. L., Bixler, L. S., Cheng, L., and Donovan, P. J. (1992). Long-term proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Nature 359 550-551. 

Fig. 1. Dynamics of DNA methylation levels during mouse development. The methylation patterns of the oocyte and the rapidly demethylated after fertilization sperm create the combined methylation patterns in the early mouse zygote. During the first two to three cleavage divisions, the 5mC levels decrease further and stay low through the blastula stage. Post-implantation, the mouse embryo genome is methylated de novo the CpG islands remain mostly unmethylated. The primordial germ cells remain unmethylated. During gametogenesis specific parental (maternal or paternal) patterns of DNA methylation are established at imprinted loci (for further details see Refs. [13, 14]) (re-drawn from Ref [4]).

Lee J, Inoue K, Ono R, Ogonuki N, Kohda T, Kaneko-Ishino T, Ogura A, Ishino F. Erasing genomic imprinting memory in mouse clone embryos produced from day 11.5 primordial germ cells. Development 2002 129 1807— 1817. 

Merchant-Larios H, Mendlovic F, Alvarez-BuyUa A (1985) Characterization of alkaline phosphatase from primordial germ cells and ontogenesis of this enzyme in the mouse. Differentiation 29 145-151... 

MacGregor GR, Zambrowicz BP, Soriano P (1995) Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase is expressed in both embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages during mouse embryogenesis but is not required for migration of primordial germ cells. Development 121 1487-1496... 

De Felici, M. and Pesce, M. (1994) Interactions between migratory primordial germ cells and cellular substrates in the mouse. In Germline Development, Ciba Foundation Symposium 182, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 140-153. 

Stebler, J., Spieler, D., Slanchev, K., Molyneaux, K.A., Richter, U., Cojocaru, V, Tarabykin, V., Wylie, C., Kessel, M and Raz, E. (2004) Primordial germ cell migration in die chick and mouse embryo the role of the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12. Developmental Biology, 272, 351-361. 

Cheng L, Gearing DP, White LS, Compton DL, K. Schooley K, Donovan PJ (1994) Role of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor in mouse primordial germ cell... 

Koshimizu U, Taga T, Watanabe M, Saito M, Shirayoshi Y, Kishimoto T, Nakat-suji N (1996) Functional requirement of gpl30-mediated signaling for growth and survival of mouse primordial germ cells in vitro and derivation of embryonic germ (EG) cells. Development 122(4) 1235-1242. 

Kawase E, Yamamoto H, Hashimoto K, Nakatsuji N (1994) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Dev Biol 161(l) 91-95. 

Cooke JE, Heasman J, Wylie CC (1996) The role of interleukin-4 in the regulation of mouse primordial germ cell numbers. Dev Biol 174(1) 14—21. 

Koshimizu U, Watanabe M, Nakatsuji N (1995) Retinoic acid is a potent growth activator of mouse primordial germ cells in vitro. Dev Biol 168(2) 683-685. 

De Felici M, Dolci S, Pesce M (1993) Prohferation of mouse primordial germ cells in vitro a key role for cAMP. Dev Biol 157(1 ) 277-280. 

Labosky PA, Barlow DP, Hogan BL (1994) Embryonic germ cell lines and their derivation from mouse primordial germ cells. Ciba Eound Symp 182 157-168 discussion 168-178. 

Gomperts M, Garcia-Castro M, Wylie C, Heasman J (1994) Interactions between primordial germ cells play a role in their migration in mouse embryos. Development 120(1) 135-141. 

Donovan PJ (1994) Growth factor regulation of mouse primordial germ cell development. Curr Top Dev Biol. 29 189-225. 

One of the most fascinating and potentially most illuminating examples of the ability of retinoids to promote differentiation is the effect of retinoids on mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. These undifferentiated stem cells of teratocar-cinomas are multipotential, that is, they can differentiate into a multiplicity of somatic cell types (Kleinsmith and Pierce, 1964). When injected into mouse blastocysts, these malignant cells can differentiate and contribute to the normal tissues of the developing mouse (Brinster, 1974 Mintz and Illmensee, 1975). In this way, these cells resemble primordial germ cells and embryonic ectoderm. 

R.J. Francis, C.W. Lo, Primordial germ cell deficiency in the connexin 43 knockout mouse arises from apoptosis associated with abnormal p53 activation. Development 133 (2006) 3451-3460. 

Essential in the analysis and interpretation of fertility results is a knowledge of the nature of the mouse ovary. The total reproductive capacity procedure, as already stated, covers the study of fertility effects throughout the entire posttreatment reproductive life-span of females. At the time of treatment, all germ cells with the exception of those that will be ovulated within a few hours (Russell and Russell, 1955) are at the primary oocyte state—specifically, at diffused diplotene. The arrest of all germ cells at this meiotic state occurs shortly after birth. The majority of the oocytes of young adults are morphologically still the same small oocytes found arrested after birth they are small, primordial oocytes... 

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