Primordial

Plutonium occurs in natural ores in such small amounts that separation is impractical. The atomic ratio of plutonium to uranium in uranium ores is less than 1 10 however, traces of primordial plutonium-244 have been isolated from the mineral bastnasite (16). One sample contained 1 x 10 g/g ore, corresponding to a plutonium-244 [14119-34-7] Pu, terrestrial abundance of 7 x 10 to 2.8 x 10 g/g of mineral and to <10g of primordial Pu on earth. The content of plutonium-239 [15117 8-3], Pu, in uranium minerals is given in Table 2. 

In the marine environment, the numerous radionuclides can be classified into three broad categories based on their production or origin (1) those derived from the weathering of continental rocks, the primordial radionuclides, (2) those formed from cosmic radiation, the cosmogenic radionuclides, and (3) those artificially introduced into nature, the anthropogenic or transient radionuclides and tracers. The primordial radionuclides (e.g. Th, and U) were... 

Table 1 Physical constants for some primordial radionuclides...

Primordial or U-Th series radionuclides can be discharged into the ocean through several possible pathways, illustrated schematically in Figure 3 ... 

In broad outline stars are thought to evolve by the following sequence of events. First, there is self-gravitational accretion from the cooled primordial... 

Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe (76% H, 23% He) as a result of its synthesis from hydrogen (p. 9) but, being too light to be retained by the earth s gravitational field, all primordial helium has been lost and terrestrial helium, like argon, is the result of radioactive decay ( He from a-decay of heavier elements, " °Ar from electron capture by... 

F. Bosh, A. ElGoresy, W. Kratschmer, B. Martin, B. PovH, R. Nobiling, K. Traxel and D. Schwalm, Z Physik A280, 39-44 (1977) see also C. J. Sparks, S. Raman, H. L. Takel, R. V. Gentry and M. O. Krause, Phys. Rev. Letters 38, 205-8 (1977), for retraction of their earlier claim to have detected naturally occurring primordial superheavy elements. 

Ur. -ide (for ous compounds. See Chlorur). Ur-, primitive, original, primordial, primary. 

Uratom, n. primordial atom, urbar, a. arable, tillable, urbaren, v.t. (Agric.) cultivate, till. 

Urteil, n. judgment, decision, opinion, verdict (Logic) proposition, -chen, n. primary (or primordial) particle (formerly) atom. 

A remarkable, but (at first sight, at least) naively unimpressive, feature of this rule is its class c4-like ability to give rise to complex ordered patterns out of an initially disordered state, or primordial soup. In figure 3.65, for example, which provides a few snapshot views of the evolution of four different random initial states taken during the first 50 iterations, we see evidence of the same typically class c4-like behavior that we have already seen so much of in one-dimensional systems. What distinguishes this system from all of the previous ones that we have studied, however, and makes this rule truly remarkable, is that Life has been proven to be capable of universal computation. 

Physics, in particular, will expand its horizons and begin exploring the fundamental nature of information, and the role that information plays as a primordial variable shaping the course of development of the universe. 

In forma tion Physics is a catch-all phrase that refers to attempts to found a physics on a notion of primordial information. Such attempts are based on two basic premises (1) that inf)rmation exists uid( pendently of any seniaiitics that must be used to ascribe a meaiiiiig to it, and (2) all observables found in nature are essentially data structures that the universe uses to encode information with. An electron in this view, for example, is interpreted as a data structure encoding the, eight (currently kiiowii) properties of what we call an electron (mass, charge, spin, etc.). The aim of information physics is to find the appropriate language, or dynamics, for whatever makes up this primordial information. 

Though there was of course no way for Zuse to answer his second question (nor is there any way today), the fact that it is being asked at all underscores the essence of the second of the two paradigm shifts listed earlier in this chapter the notion that information is more fundamental than what have traditionally been used as fundamental variables (mass, energy, etc.). Zuse suggests that if only we could find an appropriate language or formalism with which to describe this primordial information, we would find, for example, that the information content of two or more interacting particles is conserved. 

An intriguing possibility thus presents itself. If some kind of a primordial information, and not higher-level constructs such as mass, energy, spin, and so forth, is indeed the real substance out of which all stuff is made - leaving aside for the moment, the question of form of that information - is it not natural to suppose that a discrete space-time structure, our heretofore pre-defined and static dynamical mediator, is itself built out of the same substance i.e. to suppose that space-time is not just a backdrop for information processing, there only to define what is local and what is not and where to and where from information is allowed to flow, but is itself a construct of primordial information This supposition is not entirely without precedent. 

Both matter-like (a) and geometry-like (kj) information must be dynamical constructs of primordial bits of information value and link dynamics must not just mimic one-another via a weak coupling, rather they must, in a sense, tap from the same informational source when it comes to their mutual creation and/or annihilation. 

Tubulins arose very early during the course of evolution of unicellular eukaryotes and provide the machinery for the equipartitioning of chromosomes in mitosis, cell locomotion, and the maintenance of cell shape. The primordial genes that coded for tubulins likely were few in number. As metazoan evolution progressed, natural selection processes conserved multiple and mutant tubulin genes in response to the requirements for differentiated cell types (Sullivan, 1988). 

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