Primordial prevention

Those concerned with the promotion and protection of health classify preventive measures into three basic categories primordial prevention, primary prevention, and secondary prevention. Primordial prevention consists of measures to prevent illness or injury by removing the conditions that lead to them. Primary prevention consists of measures to prevent the health consequences of a specific illness or injury in a specific individual or group. Secondary prevention consists of measures to prevent, or minimize the health consequences, of illness or injury (such as preventing the spread of an infectious disease to others) after the disease or injury has begun. 

Prevention of scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) provides examples. Assurance that a population has access to and information about an adequate diet that includes vitamin C is an example of primordial prevention. Provision of vitamin C-containing foods to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin C among a group that does not have access to vitamin C is an example of primary prevention. To use prevention of smallpox as another example, elimination of smallpox virus is primordial prevention and vaccination against smallpox is primary prevention. Vaccination may also be used after exposure to smallpox virus has occurred to prevent the disease and its spread to others, an example of secondary prevention. 

In general, primordial prevention requires political and social will. Primary prevention may be difficult to accomplish because the causes of the disease or injury may be unknown and, when they are known, the preventive methods may be difficult to implement technically or politically. Since measures for primordial or primary prevention are usually more effective and rarely have negative consequences, they are generally considered preferable to secondary prevention even when implementation is difficult or expensive. Secondary prevention is usually easier to implement politically and technically, but, since such methods are often ineffective or only partially effective, they may create a false sense of security and encourage risk-taking, can be more expensive than primary prevention, and are more likely than primordial or primary prevention methods to have adverse consequences. 

Prevention of the environmental consequences of war through removal of the causes of war is an example of primordial prevention. Prevention of environmental consequences through prevention of specific wars or of use of specific weapons systems is primary prevention. Secondary prevention requires prevention of specific environmental consequences of specific weapons or specific military operations. 

What could be achieved by using the SPREAD process The re-association of the newly formed copy and the matrix, and thus the product inhibition which causes parabolic growth, are prevented by bonding the matrices to a surface. The critical reader might remark that this process could not have been realized on the primordial Earth. We will return to this point at the end of the section. 

Mercury is ranked third by the CERCLA priority fist of toxic substances and has been found to be present in the environment in concentration that could be harmful [1]. Prevention measures for mercury pollution are primordial and the first proactive step is to identify the status of mercury pollution in high-risk areas. Though mercury is quite useful, it has long been known as a persistent, bio-accumulative toxic pollutant that adversely affects the central nervous system. Persistent, bio-accumulative,... 

The aforementioned photo-oxidation of sulfur aniones can eventually lead to disruption of the ZnS crystals and release of Zn2+ ions that could not be completely prevented even by efficient hole scavengers [271]. In the context of primordial photochemistry, such a photocorrosion would have led to the continuous rejuvenation of the ZnS surfaces and the formation of fresh (photo)catalytic interfaces. In addition, photocorrosion would have continuously released Zn2+ ions, keeping their concentration at the illuminated ZnS surfaces high. 

The primordial pwason dimensions -1.4nm diameter and 0.5 pm length -explain the spatial evolution of optimal packing of sliding filaments in the sarcomere. The persistent hydrodynamic action throughout the pwasons lifetime ensures minimal friction and efficient mechano-chemical performance by preventing... 

The electrochemical cell design is of primordial importance. Several points are to be considered. The first is the working mode—internal or external reflection. Then there is the choice of materials they must be as stable as possible in contact with the solution in order to prevent any risk of pollution of the surface. 

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