Primordial thickness

Primordial thickness of bulk polymer to be fibrillated Polar coordinate Frequency in fatigue... 

In contrast to different fracture mechanics models assuming a priori a certain stress distribution in the plastic zone, variable craze stresses can also be determined using different mathematical and numerical approaches. Many calculations are based on displacements. Craze displacements which refer to the primordial thickness of the material before fibrillation may be calculated from... 

Compared with the surprising variety of biochemical compounds that can be readily synthesized in Miller-type one-pot simulation experiments, the suite of organics produced under the conditions proposed by Wachtershauser is quite limited. However, the impressive demonstration that the FeS/H2S combination can reduce nitrogen to ammonia shows that considerable attention should be given to the reducing power of pyrite formation. Primordial life may have not been autotrophic, but should we hesitate to accept the idea that the primitive soup was formed from both extraterrestrial sources and endogenous synthesis in which pyrite production played a role After all, a spicy, thick bouillon is always tastier than a bland, diluted broth. 

Figure 9.1 Examples of spectral energy distributions from young Sun-like stars with circumstellar dust disks. Optically thick dust disks (solid line) have excess emission relative to the stellar photosphere over a broad wavelength range, from near-infrared to millimeter wavelengths. Transition disks (dashed line) lack near-infrared excess emission, but have large mid- and far-infrared emission. Debris disks (dotted line) have small excess emission starting at wavelengths typically longer than 10 pm. Primordial and transition disks often show a prominent 10 pm silicate emission feature from warm dust grains in the disk atmosphere.

The region of the two-dimensional craze consists of expanded fibrilar material that prior to its expansion occupied a primordial region of thickness 2k(x) where X is the coordinate in the craze plane as indicated in Fig. 5. The analysis of stresses... 

The region of the 2D craze sheet consists of drawn fibrillar craze material that prior to its stretch occupied a primordial ellipsoidal region of solid polymer of thickness 2k x), where. r is the coordinate in the craze plane as shown in Fig. 11.6. The stresses and displacements of the craze border as well as the distribution of stresses outside the craze are best understood by analysis in terms of a series of material transformations and superposition exercises treating the infinite solid with the lenticular craze cavity and the craze sheet separately. 

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