Phase displacive

P represent the phase displacement, we substitute in equation 1, we obtain ... 

This is the factor by which the echo magnetization is attenuated as a result of difhision. More elaborate calculations, which account for phase displacements due to difhision occurring during the application of the gradient pulses yield... 

Table 15.5 Recommended limits of voltage and phase displacement errors, applicable for all types of measuring VTs (only electromagnetic and capacitor VTs).

The phasor difference between /( and /, i.e. results in a composite error /. The phase displacement between I2 and /, by an angle 8 is known as the phase error. The current error will be important in the accurate operation of an overcurrent relay and the phase error in the operation of a phase sensitive relay. The composite error will be significant in the operation of a differential relay. 

As noted above, this is the phase displacement between the primary and the secondary current phasors. Angle 5 in Figure 15.18 is generally expressed in minutes. For a perfect transformer, the direction of phasors is chosen so that this displacement is zero. Refer to Table 15.8 for measuring and Tabic 15.9 for protection CTs. 

Phase displacement angle S (Figure 15. IS) in minutes at % of rated primary current... 

Accuracy Current error at Phase displacement Composite error class rated primary angle S (Figure at rated... 

This is a simpler method to check the phase displacement between the incoming and the existing voltage. Normally two lamps are connected in series to make them suitable for 480 V as shown to withstand the maximum line voltage, in case the two voltages fall 180° apart. This voltage, AV can rise to... 

This is a better method, for it can compare both frequency and phase displacement of the two voltages, as 4/ would also result in E. and is reflected by the flickering of the lamps. If the frequencies /, and /(, are not equal, the lamps will flicker at the rale Af, i.e. (J - fD limes per... 

Tlte value of / can thus be varied in magnitude and phase displacement to suit a particular location of installation or pi otective scheme by introducing suitable R and /Y into the neutral circuit. When the impedance is inductive, the fault current will also be inductive and will offset the ground capacitive current /". In such a grounding, the main purpose is to offset the fault current as much is possible to immunize the system from the ha/ai ds of an arcing ground. This is achieved by providing an inductor coil, also known as an arc suppression coil, of a suitable value in the neutral circuit. 

Phase displacement at fundamental frequency, i.e. apparent p.f. as measured by a normal p.f. meter,... 

The basic principle of this relay is the sensing of the phase displacement between the fundamental waveforms of the voltage and current waves of a power circuit. Harmonic quantities are filtered out when present in the... 

To ensure proper sensing of the incoming current and its phase displacement by the relay it i.s es.senlial that the CTs ratio and their VA burden chosen for the required duty are close to the actual requirement as noted in Table I. S.8.. Sometimes this fact is overlooked and CTs with a much higher VA burden or ratio or both are chosen while the secondary circuit may not be adequately loaded. In this case the CTs may not accurately transform the primary parameters to the secondary and. in turn, the relay may not send accurate signals. Moreover, the relay itself may operate only at minimum 19c or more of its rated current (I or 5 A), depending upon its design and type (lEC 60051-1). 

In the first case, if we had considered a safe line length of 250 km, this would become 500 km for a symmetrical line. Figure 24.18 illustrates such a condition. Depending upon the length and type of line, a line length compensation may be required. Most transmission lines are seen to be within permissible lengths and only a few may require such a compensation. Nevertheless, it may be worth reducing the phase displacement between E, and to less than 15° electrical, to further iinprove the quality and stability level of power transmission. 

Phase displacement applies for counter clockwise phase rotation. 

Figure 16.3 illustrates the most commonly used transformer, grouping and winding arrangements and phase displacements. 

Figure 7 shows the schematic construction of Figure 8. Phase displacement between an oscillating rheometer. stress and strain.

Visco-elastic substances can be described with the spring/shock-absorber model of Kevin and Voigt, and have phase displacements of 0° to 90°. In analogy to other time dependent processes in physics, the oscillation tests are evaluated with complex arithmetics. Obtained are the complex quantities ... 

Figure 1. Reaction coordinate for the gas-phase displacement reaction X + CHSY -> XCHS + Y and definitions of the quantities in Eqs. 1-3.

These results suggest that the Marcus equations can be applied quite successfully to gas phase displacement reactions, as suggested by Professor Brauman. We are currently generating more cross reactions and intend to test other rate-equilibrium relationships using our data. 

Reversible and irreversible retention of contaminants on the subsurface solid phase is a major process in determining pollutant concentrations and controlling their redistribution from the land surface to groundwater. After being retained in the solid, contaminants may be released into the subsurface liquid phase, displaced as water-immiscible liquids, or transported into the subsurface gaseous phase or from the near surface into the atmosphere. The form and the rate of release are governed by the properties of both contaminant and solid phase, as well as by the subsurface environmental conditions. We consider here contaminants adsorbed on the solid phase. 

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