Primary batteries alkaline-manganese dioxide cells

The design of a AA-size alkaline manganese dioxide cell is shown in Fig. 1 (Sec. 3.1). Primary and secondary alkaline batteries are constructed in the same way and can be manufactured on essentially the same machinery. The separator material, electrode formulation, and the Mn02 Zn balance are different. Rechargeable cells are zinc-limited to prevent a discharge beyond the first electron-equivalent of the MnOz reduction. The electrolyte is 7-9 mol L KOH. The electrode reactions are ... 

The Japanese Standards Association issues Standard J15 8501 Dry Cells and Batteries, J15 8508 Mercury Cells and Batteries, J15 8509 Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Cells and Batteries, J15 8510 Silver Oxide Cells and Batteries, and J15 8511 Alkaline Primary Cells and Batteries. All are available through Japanese Embassies or direct from the Japanese Standards Association, 1-24 Atasak4 Chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. 

Continuous research in primary alkaline manganese batteries ended up in the development of rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM) cells. The design of these cells dated to 1975 [1], These batteries are basically an extension of the primary alkaline batteries. They also use zinc for the negative electrode, manganese dioxide for the positive electrode, and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide for the electrolyte. 

ALKALINE MANGANESE DIOXIDE - ZINC BATTERIES PRIMARY AND RECHARGEABLE CELLS WITH AND WITHOUT MERCURY... 

Alkaline manganese dioxide - zinc batteries. Primary and rechargeable cells with and without mercury by W. Taucher and K. Kordesch... 

Primary alkaline manganese dioxide - zinc batteries (PAM cells)... 

Alkaline-manganese dioxide primary cells and batteries are available in a variety of sizes, in both cylindrical and miniature (button-cell) configurations, as listed in Table 10.9. Some of the unit cell sizes listed are not available as single cells, but are used as components in multiple-cell batteries. Figure 10.21 shows the nominal capacity of various-size batteries as a function of weight and cell volume. 

Zinc/Manganese Dioxide Batteries. Several of the conventional primary battery systems have been manufactured as rechargeable batteries, but the only one currently being manufactured is the cylindrical cell using the zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide chemistry. Its major advantage is a higher capacity than the conventional secondary batteries and a lower initial cost, but its cycle life and rate capability are limited. 

SAFT Corporation of America, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 10020, New York also, 107 Beaver Court, Lockeysville, Maryland Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, carbon-zinc Leclanche, lithium types (lithium-lead bismuthate, lithium-silver chromate) secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, iithium-copper oxyphosphate, lithium-thionyl chloride, zinc-air, thermal-cells, water-activated batteries. 

Primary alkaline cells use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as tlie electrolyte. They can be made using a variety of chemistries and physical constructions. The alkaline cells of the 1990s are mostly of the limited electrolyte, dry cell type. Most primary alkaline cells are made sing zinc as the anode material a variety of cathode materials can be used. Primary alkaline cells are commonly divided into tW o classes, based on type of construction the larger, cylindrically shaped batteries, and the miniature, button-type cells. Cylindrical alkaline batteries are mainly produced using zinc-manganese dioxide chemistry, although some cylindrical zinc-mercury oxide cells are made. 

Figure 5. Performance of D-size zinc-manganese dioxide primary systems under 2.25 Q continuous test a) standard Leclanche cell (natural ore), b) high-power Leclanche cell (electrolytic MnOa), c) zinc chloride cell, d) alkaline manganese cell [1] (by permission of Arnold C.A. Vincent, B. Scrosati, Modern Batteries. An Introduction to Electrochemical Power Sources, 2nd edition, Edward Arnold, London, 1997).

The alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide ceU was introduced in 1959 as a high-performance primary cell to replace the Leclanche (carbon-zinc) cell that was developed by Georges Leclanche in 1860 and is still the battery of choice in the developing countries because of its low cost. The zinc chloride cell was introduced... 

The more familiar types of primary alkaline systems are the zinc/manganese dioxide, zinc/ mercuric oxide, and zinc/silver oxide batteries. These, typically, use potassium or sodium hydroxides, in concentrations from 25 to 40% hy weight, as the electrolyte, which functions primarily as an ionic conductor and is not consumed in the discharge process. In simple form, the overall discharge reaction for these metal oxide cells can be stated as... 

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