Pregnancy placentitis

Fatty liver of pregnancy Placental abruption Preeclampsia/eclampsia Retained fetus syndrome Pulmonary syndrome syndrome Empyema Hyaline membrane disease... 

Nau H, Welsch F, Ulbrich B, Bass R, Lange J. Thiamphenicol during the first trimester of human pregnancy placental transfer in vivo, placental uptake in vitro, and inhibition of mitochondrial function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981 60(1) 131 1. 

Chasnoff, I.J. Schnol1, S.H. Burns, W.J. and Burns, K. Maternal nonnarcotic substance abuse during pregnancy Effects on infant development. Neurobehav Toxi col Teratol 6 277-280, 1984. Cooper, J.E. Cummings, A.J. and Jones, The placental transfer of phencyclidine in the pig Plasma levels in the sow and its piglets. J Phvsiol (Lond) 267 178-188, 1977. 

Grossly elevated concentrations of dissolved copper produce teratogenicity in fish embryos. A significant number of malformed fish larvae came from eggs treated with 500 pg Cu/L (Birge and Black 1979). In studies with laboratory animals and elevated concentrations of copper salts, copper penetrates the placental barrier into the fetus intramuscular injection of 4 mg Cu/kg BW early in pregnancy adversely affects fetal central nervous system development (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). In humans, no definitive data are available on whether copper can cause birth defects however, incubation of human spermatozoa with metallic copper results in loss of sperm motility (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). 

The degree of exposure of the fetus to a particular substance can be best assessed in human subjects, but concerns of fetal safety have restricted the use of this approach. Moreover, clinical studies cannot elucidate the various mechanisms that contribute to transplacental transport of a particular compound. There are many structural differences between the human placenta and the placenta of other mammalian species, which complicates extrapolation of data obtained from in vivo animal models to humans [7], Thus, several ex vivo and in vitro techniques have been developed to study the placental role in drug transfer and metabolism during pregnancy and there are some excellent articles that discuss these systems in detail [7], Both isolated tissues and various cell culture techniques are currently in use and these have been summarized below. 

It needs to be mentioned here that there remains some controversy over the placental expression of P-gp as a function of gestational age. An immunohis-tochemical study done by Macfarland et al. showed that P-gp was localized to the microvillous border of trophoblasts in first trimester placenta, but not in term placenta [85], Subsequent studies refuted this to show that MDR1 mRNA is present throughout pregnancy [94], More recently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed in syncytial microvillous membrane showed that P-gp protein expression in early gestational age placenta is about... 

S.S. Siu, M.T. Chan, and T.K. Lau. Placental transfer of ondansetron during early human pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 45 419-423 (2006). 

Infertility- Administer 90 mg vaginally once daily. In women with partial or complete ovarian failure, administer 90 mg vaginally twice daily. If pregnancy occurs, continue treatment until placental autonomy is achieved, no more than 10 to 12 weeks. 

Pregnancy Category B. Mesalamine is known to cross the placental barrier. Lactation Low concentrations of mesalamine and higher concentrations of N-acetyl-5-ASA have been detected in breast milk. 

Pregnancy Chloramphenicol readily crosses the placental barrier cautious use is particularly important during pregnancy at term or during labor because of potential toxic effects on the fetus. 

Heparin is highly bound to plasma proteins and has a short elimination half-life of 1-5 hours depending on the dose. It is distributed to the reticuloendothelial system and metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites. It does not cross the placental barrier, however there is a risk of heparin-induced maternal osteopenia if it is used throughout pregnancy. 

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