Predator discovery

The cyclooligomerization of ethylene oxide to yield dioxane as well as compounds we now call crowns predates Pedersen s discovery by more than a decade ". The full utility of these cyclic oligomers was not recognized, however, and the patent reporting these early efforts remains an interesting historical footnote. The promise of utilizing cyclo-oligomerization commercially is so important, however, that attention is called to the method and the existence of the patent. 

The descendants of slaves, along with many other minorities in the United States, have had an historical, and to some extent continuing, experience of oppression and discrimination. The scientific and medical professions participated in that experience. The "scientific racism" of the nineteenth century predated the (re)discovery of genetics in 1900 one could date it at least to Linnaeus eighteenth-century classification of humans into four subspecies with its assignment of superiority to his own European subspecies. When the science of genetics arrived with the twentieth century, genetic explanations were quickly advanced for the perceived inferiority of minorities. 

Castanospermine is a plant alkaloid isolated from the seeds of the Australian chestnut tree, Castanospermium australe. As with most anti-HIV inhibitors, the discovery of the compound predates the time of isolation of HIV-1. The compound inhibits a-glucosidase-1, and therefore normal processing of the glycopro-... 

A typical example is succinylcholine (suxamethonium, 7.62), although the discovery of this agent predates by decades the concept of soft drugs. In most individuals, this curarimimetic agent is very rapidly hydrolyzed to choline by plasma cholinesterase with a tm value of ca. 4 min [76] [134],... 

One striking exception was the very early discovery of I decay to Xe (Jeffery and Reynolds 1961). This discovery reflects the particular properties of rare gases which are nearly absent in telluric planetary bodies. Because they are not diluted by high abrmdances of isotopically normal noble gases, anomalies in rare noble gas components were the first to be detected. This is also the reason for the Xe record of the fission of Pu (Rowe and Kuroda 1965). From the available data on short-lived nuclides at that time, it was concluded that the last nucleosynthetic input into the protosolar cloud predated the formation of the planets by 100-200 Ma. 

It can be argued that the introduction of lithium salts into the practice of psychiatry in 1949 heralded the beginning of psychopharmacology, as it predated the discovery of chlorpromazine, imipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and resperine. Lithium came into clinical use serendipitously, the Australian psychiatrist Cade having by chance given it to a small group of manic patients and found that it had beneficial effects. 

The life and work of Dexter French, who contributed so much to our knowledge of starch, is sensitively treated by his student J. H. Pazur (University Park, Pennsylvania). The pioneering discovery by French and Rundle, in the carbohydrate field, of a helical biopolymer in complexes of amylose predates the widely celebrated work with proteins and nucleic acids where the concept of a helical conformation revolutionized... 

Models for the electronic structure of polynuclear systems were also developed. Except for metals, where a free electron model of the valence electrons was used, all methods were based on a description of the electronic structure in terms of atomic orbitals. Direct numerical solutions of the Hartree-Fock equations were not feasible and the Thomas-Fermi density model gave ridiculous results. Instead, two different models were introduced. The valence bond formulation (5) followed closely the concepts of chemical bonds between atoms which predated quantum theory (and even the discovery of the electron). In this formulation certain reasonable "configurations" were constructed by drawing bonds between unpaired electrons on different atoms. A mathematical function formed from a sum of products of atomic orbitals was used to represent each configuration. The energy and electronic structure was then... 

The third period, from the mid-1960s until the present, began with the discovery that nature predated man s fabrication of hydrates by millions of years, in situ in both the deep oceans and permafrost regions as well as in extraterrestrial environments. 

Obviously, much of the development of crystallography predates the discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Early studies of crystal structures were concerned with external features of crystals and the angles between faces. Descriptions and notations used were based on these external features of crystals. Crystallographers using X-ray diffraction are concerned with the unit cells and use the notation based on the symmetry of the 230 space groups established earlier. 

The conversion of one form of energy into another has always been vital to the existence of man man consumes food to liberate the chemical energy stored therein by means of oxidation. The discovery of fire by primitive man is a good example of transforming chemical energy present in the wood into heat and allowed man to consume cooked foods and ward off predators. Windmills, steam engines, hydroelectric plants, nuclear plants, and so on, all have a common purpose the conversion of one form of energy into another. 

The term inulin first appeared in the literature in 1818 (Thomson, 1818), predating the discovery of fructose by about 30 years. It was ascribed to a substance, first isolated from elecampagne (Inula helenium L.) in 1804 (Rose, 1804). Jerusalem artichoke was first recorded as a source of inulin in around 1870. The actual linear structure of the molecule was not elucidated until the 1950s, and the small degree of branching that can occur only in the mid-1990s (De Leenheer and Hoebregs, 1994). As a polymer of fructose, inulin is classified as a fructan of which there are several types... 

Figure 9-64 shows some beautiful representatives of quasicrystals and Figure 9-65 depicts another quasicrystal and a modern sculpture that could be taken as an artistic expression of a quasicrystal although the artist was not aware of the existence of such materials. The artistic appearance of quasi crystals, however, predates their scientific entry by centuries [150], The discovery of such cultural monuments has generated lively discussions even in the general press [151], Concluding, we quote again Mackay [155], who stated that... 

The key reviews of the inorganic chemistry of rhodium and its complexes are now over a decade old. With the possible exception of Griffith s book," earlier reviews usually predate the discovery and application of the important low oxidation state complexes. The reader is referred to these " for more detailed coverage and references. 

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