Power plants combined-cycle systems

The capital cost of STPs is one quarter to a half of that of PV power plant (Table 1). The LEC is defined by the total cost, [(capital cost)x(fixed charge rate) + O M + fuel cost], per annual net electricity production in kWh. It varies depending on the plant scale and solar share. The LEC ranges between 0.05kWh and 0.12/kWh for the STP, and attains 0.4/kWh- l/kWh for PV electricity. Thus, the solar H2 production cost by PV and STP electricity is not comparable in terms of capital cost and LEC. However, the cost of STP electricity is still not competitive with that of a conventional coal-fired power plant. To close the price gap, the solar thermal parabohc trough power plant industry has introduced integrated solar combined cycle systems (ISCCS) which are able to offer a competitive base-load electricity cost of 0.05-0.07/kWh at solar shares of 15-25% [7] (Fig.l). 

Binary Cycle - Combination of two power plant turbine cycles utilizing two different working fluids for power production. The waste heat from the first turbine cycle provides the heat energy for the operation of the second turbine, thus providing higher overall system efficiencies. 

While the overall combined cycle is more efficient than conventional pulverized coal plants, energy losses do occur in the transformation of coal into a gaseous fuel, mostly due to the heat input needed for gasification. As a result of the added gasification process needed for combined-cycle systems using coal, the IGCC process is less efficient than the same combined power generation cycle run on a fuel that does not require pretreatment such as natural gas or fuel oils. 

Industrial Oxygen Plants-A Technology Overview for Users of Coed Gasification-Combined-Cycle Systems. Palo Alto, California Electric Power Research Institute, January 1981. AP-1674. 

In apphcation to electric utihty power generation, MHD is combined with steam (qv) power generation, as shown in Figure 2. The MHD generator is used as a topping unit to the steam bottoming plant. From a thermodynamic point of view, the system is a combined cycle. The MHD generator operates in a Brayton cycle, similar to a gas turbine the steam plant operates in a conventional Rankine cycle (11). 

Conventional fossil fuel-fired power plants, nuclear power faciUties, cogeneration systems, and combined-cycle faciUties all have one key feature in common some type of steam generator is employed to produce steam. Except for simple-cycle cogeneration faciUties, the steam is used to drive one or... 

Gas turbine-based power plants, particularly natural gas-fired cogeneration and combined-cycle faciUties, have proven to be highly rehable, efficient, and environmentally attractive. Advances in machine design, more efficient plant integration, and optimistic forecasts for the availabiUty of affordable natural gas worldwide have boosted the appeal of these systems for both base-load and peaking service. 

While comparison of the absolute capital costs and costs of electricity among different power systems is difficult and uncertain, the structure of these costs is rather typical, and the costs of component units are usually within known ranges. For an oxygen-blown IGCC power system, the breakdown of the capital cost for the four component units is air separation plant (11 to 17 percent), fuel gas plant (33 to 42 percent), combined-cycle unit (32 to 39 percent), and balance of plant (2 to 21 percent). The breakdown of the cost of elec tricity is capital charge (52 to 56 percent), operating and maintenance (14 to 17 percent), and fuel (28 to 32 percent). 

The code provides for the testing of gas turbines supplied with gaseous or liquid fuels (or solid fuels converted to liquid or gas prior to entrance to the gas turbine). Test of gas turbines with water or steam injection for emission control and/or power augmentation are included. The tests can be applied to gas turbines in combined-cycle power plants or with other heat recovery systems. 

Boyce, M.P., Gabriles, G.A., and Meher-Homji, C.B., Enhancing System Availability and Performance in Combined Cycle Power Plants by the Use of Condition Monitoring, European Conference and Exhibition Cogeneration of Heat and Power, Athens, Greece, November 3-5, 1993. 

A new maintenance system is introduced based on the new mantra for the selection of all equipment Life Cycle Cost. This new system especially for major power plants is based on the combination of total condition monitoring, and the maintenance principles of total productive maintenance, and is called the Performance Based Total Productive Maintenance System. ... 

Combined Cycle Boiler Systems These boiler types are used to harness the waste heat from one power source to provide the heat source for a second power source, usually an electricity generator via a steam turbine. They are a form of cogeneration boiler plant. 

In the past years, several projects have been focused in the direct use of flue gases from Combined Cycle Power Plants for developing different applications. In this way, the project CENIT S0ST-C02 has demonstrated the use of flue gases from CCPP in a direct way to control the pH in the cooling water systems with refrigeration tower and Iberdrola has developed an application for power plants. 

Advanced power generation cycles that combine high-temper-ature fuel cells and gas turbines, reciprocating engines, or another fuel cell are the hybrid power plants of the future. As noted, these conceptual systems have the potential to achieve efficiencies greater than 70% and projected to be commercially ready by the year 2010 or sooner. The hybrid fuel cell/turbine (FC/T) power plant will combine a high-temperature, conventional molten carbonate fuel cell or a solid oxide... 

Combined aerobic-anaerobic systems, in bioremediation, 25 837 Combined cycle, 10 142-143 Combined cycle fossil fuel plants, 23 236 Combined heat and power (CHP), from biomass, 3 687... 

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