Waste-amended soil

There are a number of selective sequential dissolution procedures which have been developed for specific elements, matrices, regional soils, and specific purposes (Table 4.1). Additionally, various extractants are used in different sequential procedures for the similar targeted solid-phase component. The review on the extractants of individual fractions of metals in soil was made by Shuman (1991). However, in most protocols the trace elements/heavy metals in their native and waste-amended soils are divided into the following physicochemical forms ... 

Han F.X., Kingery W.L., Selim H.M. Accumulation, redistribution, transport and bioavailability of heavy metals in waste-amended soils. In Trace Elements in Soil Bioavailability, Fluxes and Transfer, Iskander IK, Kirkham MB, eds. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 2001c. 

Karathanasis AD, Johnson DMC, Matocha CJ (2005) Biosolid colloid mediated transport of copper zinc and lead in waste-amended soils. J Environ Qual 34 1153-1164 Kieffer B, Jove CF, Oelkers EK, Schott J (1999) An experimental study of the reactive surface area of the Fontainebleau sandstone as a function of porosity, permeability, and fluid flow rate. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63 3525-3534... 

Figure 4.3. Gel permeation chromatograms of humic acids isolated from a soil either unamended (A) or amended with 25tha 1yr 1 of cattle manure for 4 years (B) and 25, 50, and 100tha 1yr 1 of sewage sludge for 4 years (C, D, and E, respectively). Reprinted from Piccolo, A., Zaccheo, E, and Genevini, P. G. (1992). Chemical characterization of humic substances extracted from organic-waste-amended soils. Bioresource Technol. 40, 275-282, with permission from Elsevier.

Piccolo, A., Zaccheo, P., and Genevini, P. G. (1992). Chemical characterization of humic substances extracted from organic-waste-amended soils. Bioresource Technol. 40, 275-282. 

Giusquiani PL, Gigliotti G, Businelli D. 1992. Mobility of heavy metals in urban waste-amended soils. J Environ Qual 21 330-335. 

It should be noted that early remedial actions for contaminated soil consisted primarily of excavation and removal of the contaminated soil from the site and its disposal at a landfill. SARA strongly recommends on-site treatment that permanently and significantly reduces the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances, and utilizes cost-effective permanent solutions. The legislation prohibits land disposal of hazardous wastes unless U.S. EPA determines otherwise (as in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, HSWA). 

Shuman L.M. Effect of roganic waste amendments on zinc adsorption by two soils. Soil Sci 1999 164 197-205. 

Guisquiani PL, Marucchini C, Businelli M (1988) Chemical properties of soils amended with compost of urban waste. Plant Soil 109 73-78... 

Tolle, D. A., Arthur, M. F. Van Voris, P. 1983. Microcosm/field comparison of trace element uptake in crops grown in fly ash-amended soil. Ecological effects of soil amended with waste products. Science of the Total Environment, 31, 243-261. 

Han, F.X., Kingery, W.L., Selim, H.M. et al. (2004) Arsenic solubility and distribution in poultry waste and long-term amended soil. Science of the Total Environment, 320(1), 51-61. 

Gonzalez-Vila, F. J., Almendros, G., and Madrid, F. (1999). Molecular alterations of organic fractions from urban waste in the course of composting and their further transformation in amended soil. Sci. Total Environ. 236,215-229. 

Addition of organic wastes to agricultural soils is becoming a common practice as a waste disposal strategy and to improve the physical and chemical soil properties. However, the use of organic wastes as soil amendments can affect movement of herbicides. The effects on herbicide movement depend on the source and amount of added amendment and the physical and chemical properties of the soil. For instance, although pig manure slurry and cow manure... 

Shuman, L.M. (1998) Effect of organic waste amendments on cadmium and lead in soil fractions of two soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal, 29, 2939-2952. 

Antizar-Ladislao, B., Lopez-Real, J., and Beck, A.J. 2005a. In-vessel composting-bioremediation of aged coal tar soil Effect of temperature and soil/green waste amendment ratio. Environment International, 31 173-78. 

The release of PCAs into the environment could occur during production, storage, transportation, industrial use, and carry-off on manufactured products. Release could also occur due to release from plastics, paints, and sealants in which they are incorporated, leaching, runoff, or volatilization from landfill, sewage sludge amended soils, or other waste disposal sites. Of these, however, the major releases are thought to be from production and from industrial usage [2,3,21,22]. 

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