Potassium glycollate

Like nitroglycerine, on heating with aqueous solutions of sodium or potassium hydroxides, nitroglycol is hydrolysed. In contact with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide, it reacts vigorously to yield potassium nitrite and potassium glycolate. 

KC2H808 n H20 (c). de Forcrand3 measured the heats of solution of the anhydrous salt and the hemihydrate of potassium glycollate. 

A mixture of potassium glycollate and potassium acetate unites at the positive pole to form ethyl alcohol (Miller and Hofer 4) some acetaldehyde is also formed by further oxidation ... 

In addition to its uses as an excipient, propylene glycol is used in veterinary medicine as an oral glucogenic in ruminants. " A specification for potassium glycol is contained in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). The EINECS number for propylene glycol is 200-338-0. 

IndoleaceUc Acid. IH-Indole-3-acetic acid het-eroauxin IAA. C HjNOj mol wt 175.18. C 68,56%, H 5.18%, N 8.00%, O 18.27%, Plant hormone recognized as the principal auxin of higher plants. Prepd by the reaction of indole with potassium glycolate at 250 Johnson, Crosby, J- Org. Chem. 28, 1246 (1963). From indole and chloro-acetic acid Shagalov et al., U.S, pat. 3,320,281 0 967). 

In a high-yielding synthesis of indole-3-acetic acids the heterocycle is heated with potassium glycolate at 250°, e.g. 664... 

In accordance with a similar principle they obtained ethyl alcohol from potassium acetate and potassium glycolate. If potassium-ethyl malonate was taken as one of the salts and a solution of this with potassium acetate, propionate, or butyrate was electrolyzed there was formed the ethyl ester of propionic, butyric, or valeric acid, respectively. 

Glycol dinitrate will be hydrolyzed in the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide under heating. If glycol dinitrate is added into the ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide, a vigorous reaction would take place to produce potassium nitrite and potassium glycolate. 

Other examples of the chemical alteration of coal to improve the extractability yield include lithium/amine reduction (Given et al., 1959 Given, 1984), sodium/alcohol rednction (Ouchi et al., 1981), and sodinm/potassium/glycol ether reduction (Niemann and Hombach, 1979). But it must be remembered that even though the extractability of the coal is enhanced, the chemistry of these reactions is not well understood and is often subject to speculation leaving the precise reasons for solubility enhancement open to speculation also. Reactions that enhance coal solnbility by depolymerization (Heredy et al., 1965) also suffer from the same unknowns. 

Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, magnesium salt. See Magnesium lauryl sulfate Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, potassium salt. See Potassium lauryl sulfate Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt. See Sodium lauryl sulfate Sulfuric acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt. See Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate Sulfuric acid, mono (hydroxyethyl) ester, potassium salt. See Potassium glycol sulfate Sulfuric acid, monooctadecyl ester, sodium salt. 

Potassium glycol sulfate Potassium polyacrylate Potassium silicate Potassium sulfate Potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch PPG-3-laureth-9 PPG-5-laureth-5 PPG-25-laureth-25 PPG-26 oieate PPG-75-PEG-300 hexylene glycol... 

Mono-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, ROCHjCHjOH. The mono methyl, ethyl and n-butyl ethers are inexpensive and are known as methyl cellosolve, cellosolve, and butyl cellosolve respectively. They are completely miscible with water, and are excellent solvents. The commercial products are purified by drying over anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous calcium sulphate, followed by fractionation after... 

Hexamethylene glycol, HO(CH2)gOH. Use 60 g. of sodium, 81 g. of diethyl adipate (Sections 111,99 and III,100) and 600 ml. of super-d ethyl alcohol. All other experimental detaUs, including amounts of water, hydrochloric acid and potassium carbonate, are identical with those for Telramelhylene Glycol. The yield of hexamethylene glycol, b.p. 146-149°/ 7 mm., is 30 g. The glycol may also be isolated by continuous extraction with ether or benzene. 

Alkyl fluorides may be prepared in moderate yield by interaction of an alkyl bromide with anhydrous potassium fluoride in the presence of dry ethylene glycol as a solvent for the inorganic fluoride, for example ... 

Dibromobutane (from 1 4-butanediol). Use 45 g. of redistilled 1 4-butanediol, 6-84 g. of purified red phosphorus and 80 g. (26 ml.) of bromine. Heat the glycol - phosphorus mixture to 100-150° and add the bromine slowly use the apparatus of Fig. Ill, 37, 1. Continue heating at 100-150° for 1 hour after all the bromine has been introduced. Allow to cool, dilute with water, add 100 ml. of ether, and remove the excess of red phosphorus by filtration. Separate the ethereal solution of the dibromide, wash it successively with 10 per cent, sodium thiosulphate solution and water, then dry over anhydrous potassium carbonate. Remove the ether on a water bath and distil the residue under diminished pressure. Collect the 1 4-dibromobutane at 83-84°/12 mm. the yield 3 73 g. 

Trimethylene Di-iodide. Use 76 g. of trimethylene glycol, 27 - 52 g. of pmified red phosphorus and 254 g. of iodine. Lag the arm C (Fig. Ill, 40, ) with asbestos cloth. Stop the heating immediately all the iodine has been transferred to the fiask. Add water to the reaction mixture, decolourise with a httle sodium bisulphite, filter, separate the crude iodide, wash it twice with water, dry with anhydrous potassium carbonate and distU under reduced pressure. B.p. 88-89°/6 mm. Yield 218 g. (a colourless liquid). 

In a dry 500 ml. three-necked fiask, equipped with a mercury-sealed stirrer, a 100 ml. dropping funnel and a short fractionating column (1), place a mixture of 116 g. of anhydrous, finely-powered potassium fluoride (2) and 200 g. of dry ethylene glycol (3). Connect the fractionating... 

Redistil laboratory grade ethylene glycol under reduced pressure and collect the fraction of b.p. 85-90°/7 mm. for use as a solvent for the potassium fluoride. 

Place 36 -0 g. of redistilled acetophenone, b.p. 201° (Section IV,136), 300 ml. of diethylene glycol, 30 ml. of 90 per cent, hydrazine hydrate and 40 g. of potassium hydroxide pellets in a 500 ml. Claisen flask provided with a reflux condenser and a thermometer dipping into the liquid (compare Fig. Ill, 31, 1). Warm the mixture on a boiling water bath until most of the potassium hydroxide has dissolved and then reflux (free flame) for one hour. Arrange the apparatus for distillation and distil until the temperature in the liquid rises to 175° (1) keep the distillate (ca. 50 ml.). Replace the reflux condenser in the flask and continue the refluxing for 3 hours. 

Diethylene glycol method. Place 0-5 g. of potassium hydroxide pellets, 3 ml. of diethylene glycol and 0 5 ml. of water in a 10 or 25 ml. distilling flask heat the mixture gently until the alkali has dissolved and cool. Add 1-2 g. of the ester and mix well. Fit the flask with a thermometer and a small water-cooled condenser in the usual way. Heat the flask over a small flame whilst shaking gently to mix the contents. When only one liquid phase, or one hquid phase and one solid phase, remains in the flask, heat the mixture more strongly so that the alcohol distils. Identify the alcohol in the distillate by the preparation of the 3 5 dinitrobenzoate (Section 111,27,2). 

The residue in the flask is either a solution or a suspension of the potassium salt of the acid derived from the ester in diethylene glycol. Add 10 ml. of water and 10 ml. of ethyl alcohol to the residue and shake until thoroughly mixed. Then add a drop or two of phenolphthalein and dilute sulphuric acid, dropwise, until just acid. Allow the mixture to stand for about 5 minutes and then Alter the potassium sulphate. Use the clear filtrate for the preparation of a sohd derivative or two of the acid (see Section 111,85,4). 

The determination of the saponification equivalent of an ester by the alcohohc potassium hydroxide method is described in Section 111,106 an alternative procedure using diethylene glycol is given below. This constant should be determined if possible in the prehminary examination, since a knowledge of its value together with the boihng point provides a basis for a fairly good approximation of the size of the ester molecule. 

Ethynylation of ketones is not cataly2ed by copper acetyUde, but potassium hydroxide has been found to be effective (180). In general, alcohols are obtained at lower temperatures and glycols at higher temperatures. Most processes use stoichiometric amounts of alkaU, but tme catalytic processes for manufacture of the alcohols have been described the glycols appear to be products of stoichiometric ethynylation only. 

Ma.nufa.cture. In general, manufacture is carried out in batch reactors at close to atmospheric pressure. A moderate excess of finely divided potassium hydroxide is suspended in a solvent such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The carbonyl compound is added, followed by acetylene. The reaction is rapid and exothermic. At temperatures below 5°C the product is almost exclusively the alcohol. At 25—30°C the glycol predominates. Such synthesis also... 

Tetrahydrofuran is polymerized to poly(tetramethylene glycol) with fuming sulfuric acid and potassium biduoride (29). 

Difluoropyridines. 2,4-Difluoropyridine can be prepared (26% yield) from 2,4-dichloropyridine and potassium fluoride in sulfolane and ethylene glycol initiator (403). The 4-fluorine is preferentially replaced by oxygen nucleophiles to give 2-fluoro-4-hydroxypyridine derivatives for herbicidal apphcations (404). 

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