Potassium extractants

North Central USA Mehlioh 3 1 M ammonium aoetate Non-calcareous soils Calcareous soils if Ca and Mg also to be extracted 

North Eastern USA Morgan, Modified Morgan, Mehlioh 1 and Mehlioh 3 All are acidic and could extract some non-exchange-able K. Ammonium based reagents extract more K than FI or Na based ones 

MAFF/ADAS UK 1 M ammonium nitrate Also used for Mg and Na 

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In the case of ion-exchange, a selective carrier (e.g. valinomycin for potassium) extracts the cation into the polymer layer (Figure 5 and Tablel 1). 

Potassium extraction with acid followed by flame photometry... 

The developed cesium and potassium extraction model, based on extraction data obtained from simple aqueous media, was tested to ensure the validity of the prediction for the cesium extraction from actual waste.112 The predicted values agreed with the measured values for the simulants predicted values also agreed, with some exceptions, with measured values for the tank wastes. Discrepancies were attributed, in part, to the uncertainty in the cation/anion balance in the actual-waste composition, but likely more so to the uncertainty of the potassium concentration in the waste, given the demonstrated large competing effect of this metal on cesium extraction. It was demonstrated that the upper limit for the potassium concentration in the feed should not exceed 0.05 M, in order to maintain suitable cesium distribution ratios. 

Standing Committee of Analysts (DoE) (1979) The Analysis of Agricultural Materials -Potassium Extractable in Soil, Method 68, MAFF Technical Bulletin RB 427, HMSO, London, UK. 

Data on cesium extraction from cesium nitrate and nitric acid yielded the formation constants of CsN03Calix (o) and (CsN03)2Calix(o) the notation (o) refers to the organic phase. Addition of data on potassium extraction from potassium nitrate alone or mixed with cesium nitrate yielded the formation constant of KN03Calfac(o). Finally, addition of data on potassium and cesium extraction from sodium nitrate allowed us to calculate the formation constant of NaN03Calix(o). 

Similar conclusions can be drawn from the potassium extraction experiment. Potassium is extracted much less than cesium, but its initial concentration in sodium nitrate or nitric acid is about 100 times greater than cesium under similar conditions. The same trend of loading effects appears here, too. 

Catacarb process An extraction process used to remove carbon dioxide from process gases by scrubbing the hot gases with potassium carbonate solution containing additives which increase the hydration rate of the gas in the solution. The Vetrocoke process is similar. See Benfield process. 

Addition of an oxidising agent to a solution of an iodide (for example concentrated sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium dichromate) yields iodine the iodine can be recognised by extracting the solution with carbon tetrachloride which gives a purple solution of iodine. 

Cobalt compounds have been in use for centuries, notably as pigments ( cobalt blue ) in glass and porcelain (a double silicate of cobalt and potassium) the metal itself has been produced on an industrial scale only during the twentieth century. Cobalt is relatively uncommon but widely distributed it occurs biologically in vitamin B12 (a complex of cobalt(III) in which the cobalt is bonded octahedrally to nitrogen atoms and the carbon atom of a CN group). In its ores, it is usually in combination with sulphur or arsenic, and other metals, notably copper and silver, are often present. Extraction is carried out by a process essentially similar to that used for iron, but is complicate because of the need to remove arsenic and other metals. 

Ammonium cyanate, because of its instability in solution, is usually prepared (NHJaSO, + 2KCNO 2NH4CNO + KjSO by mixing aqueous solutions of ammonium sulphate and potassium cyanate. Complete evaporation then gives a mixture of potassium sulphate and urea, from which the urea may be extracted w ith hot absolute ethanol, in which potassium sulphate is insoluble. 

If only 100 ml. separating-funnels are available, the distillate must be divided into two portions and each extracted with ether as described, the final ether extracts being united for drying with potassium hydroxide. 

Now transfer the cold distillate to a separating-funnel, and shake vigorously with about 50-60 ml. of ether run oflF the lower aqueous layer and then decantf the ethereal solution through the mouth of the funnel into a 200 ml. conical flask. Replace the aqueous layer in the funnel, and extract similarly twice more with ether, combining the ethereal extracts in the conical flask. Add 3-4 g. of dry powdered potassium carbonate to the ethereal solution, securely cork the flask and shake the contents gently. The ethereal solution of the phenol... 

A) Extract the mixture with about 40 ml. of chloroform, in which the free base is very soluble. Run off the lower chloroform layer, dry it with potassium carbonate as in (a), and then add carbon tetrachloride slowly with stirring to the filtered chloroform solution until the base starts to crystallise out. Allow to stand for a short time (t.e., until the deposition of crystals ceases) and then filter at the pump as the crystals lose the last trace of solvent, they tend as before to break up into a fine powder, the deep green colour becoming paler in consequence. 

Extract the dimethylaniline by shaking the distillate in a separating-funnel with a few ml. of ether, and then dry the ethereal solution over potassium carbonate distil the filtered ethereal solution from a small distilling-flask e.g, Fig. 36, p. 63) with the usual precautions, and finally the dimethylaniline, b.p. 193°. Yield, almost theoretical. 

Transfer the quinoline chlorozincate to a beaker, add a small quantity of water, and then add 10% sodium hydroxide solution until the initial precipitate of zinc hydroxide completely redissolves, and the free quinoline separates. Transfer the mixture to a separating-funnel, wash out the beaker with ether, adding the washings also to the solution in the funnel, and then extract the quinoline twice with ether. Dry the united ethereal extracts by adding an ample quantity of powdered potassium hydroxide and... 

This type of extraction depends upon the use of a reagent which reacts chemically with the compound to be extracted, and is generally employed either to remove small amounts of impurities in an organic compound or to separate the components of a mixture. Examples of such reagents include dilute (5 per cent.) aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, 5 or 10 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (ca. 5 per cent.), dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, and concentrated sulphuric acid. 

Hexamethylene glycol, HO(CH2)gOH. Use 60 g. of sodium, 81 g. of diethyl adipate (Sections 111,99 and III,100) and 600 ml. of super-d ethyl alcohol. All other experimental detaUs, including amounts of water, hydrochloric acid and potassium carbonate, are identical with those for Telramelhylene Glycol. The yield of hexamethylene glycol, b.p. 146-149°/ 7 mm., is 30 g. The glycol may also be isolated by continuous extraction with ether or benzene. 

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