Potassium dodecanate

The 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid required in the next step was obtained as the racemic mixture from n-dodecan-al and ethyl bromoacetate in a Reformatsky condensation (12), and saponification of the ester formed with potassium hydroxide. The enantiomers were then separated as their dehydroabietylamine salts according to Demary et al. (12). All reactions described below were carried out using first the racemic mixture of the acid,and, when reaction conditions were established, with pure (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid. 

Bromododecane. Use 116g (0.623mol) of dodecan-l-ol (lauryl alcohol), m.p. 24 °C, 5.18 g (0.167 mol) of purified red phosphorus and 55 g (18 ml, 0.343 mol) of bromine. Heat the alcohol-phosphorus mixture to about 250 °C with vigorous stirring and add the bromine slowly. Allow the mixture to cool after all the bromine has been introduced. Add ether, filter off the excess of phosphorus and wash the ethereal solution of the bromide with water and dry over anhydrous potassium carbonate. Remove the ether on a water bath, and distil the residue under reduced pressure, b.p. 149-151 °C/18mmHg. 

Layers of calcium nitrate (40 mmol T1 in water CaN03 4 H20), potassium carbonate (40 mmol 1 1 in water) and a separation layer of water are fitted into each other by means of the concentric separation mixer [53], The reaction temperature is 22 °C. The reaction solution forms droplets in a dodecane reservoir and inserted as such a segmented flow in the tubular reactor [137, 138],... 

On electrolyzing a concentrated solution of potassium n-heptylate, Rohland4 obtained, besides dodecane, Ci2H26, a small quantity of a mixture of unsaturated hydrocarbons of the series CJAzn boiling at 145°. 

BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT see PKX500 BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID, POTASSIUM SALT see PKX500 NJSI-BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)DODECAN AMIDE see BKE500... 

General procedure for Heck reactions [49] A 50 rtiL pressure tube was charged with Pd-pol (1.98 wt% Pd 0.1 mol%), potassium acetate (12 mmol), iodobenzene 46 (5 mmol), styrene 58 (6 mmol), n-dodecane as an internal standard, and DMF (6 mb). The stirred mixture was heated to 90 °C until completion of the reaction, as monitored by GLC and GC-MS analyses. The catalyst was subsequently recovered by filtration, washed sequentially with acetone, water, further acetone, and diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum. 

Reaction with trialkylboranes. Trialkylboranes when treated with silver nitrate in the presence of either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide undergo coupling.20 For example, 1-hexene is hydroborated with sodium borohydride and boron trifluoride in diglyme. Aqueous potassium hydroxide is then added followed by aqueous silver nitrate. The major product is n-dodecane (66%). Other products are 5-methylundecanc (5%) and a mixture of 1-hexene and n-hexane. Yields of coupled products are somewhat lower in the case of internal olefins. Coupling of mixed trialkylboranes is also possible.21... 

The equilibrium properties of foam films formed from aqueous solutions of decylmethyl sulfoxide have been studied in the presence of sodium chloride and potassium thiocyanate. Stable films were formed whose thicknesses depended on the electrolyte concentration. As the electrolyte concentration was increased, a sudden increase in film thickness occurred but gradually decreased with further electrolyte addition. Examination of the electrophoretic mobility of dodecane droplets stabilized by decylmethyl sulfoxide showed an increase in mobility at about the same concentration. These data indicated that the thicker foam films were charge stabilized owing to the adsorption of the anions. The surface pressures and surface potentials of monolayers of octadecyl sulfoxide were also investigated. 

A systematic study of the influence of salts on foam films formed from nonionic surface active agents was carried out in these laboratories (3, 6). This paper reports an investigation of the effects of sodium chloride and potassium thiocyanate on the thickness of foam films formed from DMS. In addition to measurements on films, the electrophoretic mobilities of dodecane droplets stabilized with DMS were determined as a function of salt concentration, and the properties of insoluble mono-layers of octadecylmethyl sulfoxide (OMS) at the air-water interface have been examined using the classical methods largely developed by N. K. Adam (7). 

Electrophoretic Mobility. To estimate the possible charge on the sulfoxide film surface, we investigated the effects of sodium chloride and potassium thiocyanate on the electrophoretic mobility of dodecane droplets stabilized with DMS (see Figure 4). In the sodium chloride system the droplets were essentially uncharged at low concentrations, but between 3-5 X 10"3 mole/dm3, the mobility increased to —1.2 mfx cm/V sec. In the potassium thiocyanate system, the droplets had a mobility of... 

Figure 4. Electrophoretic mobility vs. log. Molar concentration of electrolyte for DMS stabilized dodecane droplets ( ) in sodium chloride solutions, (O) in potassium thiocyanate solutions.

Potassium carbonate promoted runs in which dodecanal (run 5-58), 1-dodecanol (run 5-60), or 1-pentadecene (run 5-66) was added producing fatty acids typical of those of the other potassium-carbonate-pro-... 

Reaction time for runs 5-58, 5-60, 5-66 = 44 hr. Dodecanal, 1-dodecanol, or 1-pentadecene was added. Hydrocarbon products were quantitatively similar to other potassium-carbonate-promoted reactions yields were not calculated. Fatty-acid yields do not include the perhydro (12 0) acids this fatty acid was recovered in amounts equal to about 1.5-2.0% of the charged alcohol or aldehyde. 

Jin et al. [229] further performed the dehydrohalogenation of 2-bromo-octane with dodecane as the organic solvent and potassium hydroxide in the aqueous solution to investigate the synergistic effect of two PT catalysts in the situation of a third liquid phase using a combination of tetrahexylammonium bromide and PEG. They concluded that a molecule of tetrahexylammonium bromide surrounded by many molecules of water and some PEG 200 led to the effect of water on the catalytic activity of tetrahexylammonium bromide becoming weaker when the amount of PEG was increased. 

Potassium Heptylate gave besides dodecane, C H, a small quantity of an unsaturated hydrocarbon, probably octylene, C,H . 

The H20- -dodecane-l-hexanol-potassium oleate system has also aroused scientific curiosity. Previously reported SANS data indicate that this system manifests itself as a collection of water droplets in oil with a droplet size of about 100 A. The results of a cryo-TEM analysis are presented in Fig. 9. 

Materials. Dodecylpyridinium bromide was synthesized by treating fractionally distilled 1-dodecane bromide in dry pyridine for 12 hr. The crude surfactant was recrystallized twice from acetone followed by decolorization with active charcoal in methanol solution. The resulting white crystal is a monohydrate of DoPBr. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) in aqueous solution as determined by electric conductivity method is 17.4 mM at 30°C in agreement with literature. Calf thymus DNA (sodium salt, SIGMA) was used as received. Residual (nucleotide) concentration was determined by a colloid titration using poly(potassium vinyl sulfate) as a titrant and Toluidine Blue as an indicator. 4 Propionyl- a-cyclodextrin (prop- a-CD) used as a neutral carrier was prepared by esterification of a-cyclodextrin (Tokyo Kasei Co.) with propionic anhydride in dry pyridine at room temperature for 12 hr. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice to obtain a gummy product which was then dissolved in acetone and precipitated in cold water. The dissolution-precipitation was repeated three times. The hydrophobicized oc-CD is a white powder. 

Table 1 shows the effect of the addition of isobutanol on various properties of oil/brine/surfactant systems for TRS 10-410 and TRS 10-80. Because the same IFT values were obtained for the systems with and without IBA (Table 1), the observed differences in oil recovery cannot be explained in terms of any change in IFT. The presence of alcohol did not significantly influence the partition coefficient of surfactant in n-dodecane or n-octane. It is important to emphasize that the partition coefficient changes sharply near the ultralow IFT region (19). Thus, the partition coefficient does not appear to correlate with the oil displacement efficiency. However, the presence of isobutanol decreases the interfacial viscosity and markedly influences the flattening time of the oil droplets. It has been suggested (18) that a rigid potassium oleate film at the oil/water interface can be liquefied by the penetration of the hexanol molecules in order to produce spherical microemulsion droplets. It has been shown (14) also that for a commercial petroleum sulfonate-crude oil system, the oil droplets with the alcohol coalesce much faster than the ones without alcohol. For the systems studied here, IBA is believed to have penetrated the petroleum sulfonate film as seen by the decrease in IFV. The decrease in interfacial viscosity would presumably promote the coalescence in porous media. 

Thermograms depicting these three types of water are shown in Fig. 1 for the system dodecane-potassium oleate-water-hexanol [11]. 

The catalyst 4 was suspended in /7-xylene (20mL) and benzene boronic acid (0.914g, 7.5mmol) bromobenzene (0.80Sg, S.lmmol), potassium carbonate (1.382g, lOmmol) and 7t-dodecane (0.749g, 4.4mol) as GC internal standard were added. The reaction was then heated to reflux and followed by GC. 

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