Pigmented polymers

R. Bertelson, in G. H. Brown, ed.. Techniques of Chemisty, Vol. 3, Wkey-lnterscience, New York, 1971 N. S. Alien and J. E. McKellar, eds., Photochemisty of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers, Applied Science PubUsbers, London, 1989. 

Specialized training is an absolute requirement for technical service personnel. A typical example is a person involved in supporting a polymer for which the use is the manufacture of rotationaHy molded consumer products. The technical service person is expected to be reasonably familiar with topics such as polymer rheology evaluations, gel-permeation chromatography, rotational mol ding, color science, regulatory requirements for use, mechanical and photochemical behavior of the pigmented polymer, optics, and so forth. Expertise of this variety caimot be expected to be obtained without careful... 

In this article, we will discuss the use of physical adsorption to determine the total surface areas of finely divided powders or solids, e.g., clay, carbon black, silica, inorganic pigments, polymers, alumina, and so forth. The use of chemisorption is confined to the measurements of metal surface areas of finely divided metals, such as powders, evaporated metal films, and those found in supported metal catalysts. 

The most popnlar system is a reversed phase column (Cl8), on a silica base column. However, the use of C18 on a polymer-based column has been reported to provide better resolution, especially for the separation of complex anthocyanin mixtures containing acylated pigments. - Polymer-based columns also show better stability at low pH operating conditions. 

Analytical identification of monoazo colorants and the other decomposition products requires effective (analytical) methods of concentration, which is made possible by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Prior to HPLC analysis, the pigmented medium was extracted for 20 hours with toluene in a soxhlet extractor. These analytical methods also showed that above 240°C, especially after prolonged exposure of the pigmented polymer material to heat, dichlorobenzidine (DCB) is also formed. 

Quinine, pigments, polymers, optical brighteners Chemical, environmental 56, 58... 

For the encapsulation of pigments by miniemulsification, two different approaches can be used. In both cases, the pigment/polymer interface as well as the polymer/water interface have to be carefully chemically adjusted in order to obtain encapsulation as a thermodynamically favored system. The design of the interfaces is mainly dictated by the use of two surfactant systems, which govern the interfacial tensions, as well as by employment of appropriate functional comonomers, initiators, or termination agents. The sum of all the interface energies has to be minimized. 

The use of the shear-reflectance impedometer has permitted us to observe polymer-solvent interactions in thin films and to monitor transient effects which are not readily accessible by other techniques. This suggests that this technique could be applied to the study of polymer-solvent interactions in other related research areas such as the diffusion of solvents into films, physical effects at pigment-polymer surfaces, or the nature of the interface between living cell surfaces and aqueous media. 

Pigment Polymer FPVC RPVC PS LDPE HDPE PP ABS PET PC PA 6 PA 6.6... 

Generation layers have recently been prepared from aqueous dispersions. Hoshino et al. (1991) described the cathodic deposition of various phthalo-cyanines and perylenes from aqueous dispersions containing poly(oxyethylene dodecyl ether) and LiBr. The pigment-polymer aggregate was plated onto an Al cathode. The layer was then coated with a transport layer using conventional solvent coating techniques. Hiruta et al. (1991) described a related technique as thermoinduced deposition. Aqueous phthalocyanine dispersions, as described above, were found to adsorb on an Al substrate at 90 C. 

Hayasaka, Y., Kennedy, J.A. (2003). Mass spectrometric evidence for the formation of pigmented polymers in red wine. Am. J. Grape Wine Res. 9, 210-220. 

Zinc oxide (ZnO, wurtzite structure) eliminates oxygen on heating to form nonstoichio-metric colored phases, Zni+xO with x < 70 ppm. ZnO is almost transparent and is used as white pigment, polymer stabilizer, emollient in zinc ointments, creams and lotions, as well as in the production of Zu2Si04 for TV screens. A major application is in the rubber industry to lower the temperatures and to raise the rate of vulcanization. Furthermore, it is an n-type semiconductor (band gap 3.37 eV) and shows piezoelectric properties, making zinc oxide useful for microsensor devices and micromachined actuators. Other applications include gas sensors , solar cell windows and surface acoustic devices. ZnO has also been considered for spintronic application because of theoretical predictions of room-temperature ferromagnetism . 

A variety of organic-polymeric-based materials have been investigated for optical recording, including dyes (pigments), dye (pigment)-polymer composites, dye-polymer solutions, and polymer-metal-layered or particulate structures. In all instances, the light absorption function is provided by the dye or metal, and the polymer serves the role of binder and film former. 

Okhamafe, A.O. York, P. The glass transition in some pigmented polymer systems used for tablet coating. J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. 1984-1985, B23 (4-6), 373-382. 

Peng, Z., Hand, P.G., Oberholster, A., Sefton, M.A. and Waters, E.J. (2002) Analysis of pigmented polymers in red wine by reverse phase HPLC, Aust J. Grape and Wine Research, 8(1), 70-75. 

Pigmented polymer coatings on steel and PTFE as well as PTFE-based copolymers can be analyzed by rf-GD-MS in order to fingerprint them [648]. Advantages compared with SIMS and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are that the method is fast and does not require dissolution of the sample, and thermal volatilization processes do not appear to take place. 

Pelleting machines Animal feeds, rubber raw materials, catalysts, lubricants, stabilizers, pigments, polymers, clay, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc. 

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