Potash sulphate

Potash Sulphate of Potash 2 Fixed vegetable alkali Vitriolated tartar Sel de duobus Arcanum duplicatum... 

Garside elal. (1979) measured size distributions of seeondary nuelei and reported their variation with supersaturation. Signifieant inerease of nuelei with supersaturation is observed. Thus the proeess is not simply an attrition event alone, but is also related to the level supersaturation at whieh parent erystal is growing. Jones elal. (1986) also observed anomalous growth of seeondary nuelei in a study of the eontinuous MSMPR erystallization of potassium sulphate with eonsequenees inferred for seeondary nueleation rates. Girolami and Rousseau (1986) demonstrate the importanee of initial breeding meehanism in seeded potash alum bateh erystallization. The number of erystals... 

A s/cr.s possess a fruity smell and usually distil without decomposition. Boil with refltiK for 5 minutes on the water-btith a few c.c. of the licpiid with 3 to 4 volumes of a ten pei cent, solution of ctLListic potash in methyl alcohol and pour into water. Notice if the liquid dissolves and has lost the odour of the ester. An ester will be completely hydrolysed, and if the alcohol is soluble in water a clear solution will be obtained. If the alcohol is vol.atile and the solution neiitialised w ith sulphuric acid. and evaporated on the water-bath, the alkali salt of the organic acid mixed with pottissium sulphate will be left and the acid may be investigated as desciibed under 1. If it is required to. ascertain the nature of the alcohol in the ester, hydrolysis must fig effected with a strong aqueous solution of caustic potash... 

Henderson and Sutherland have prepared a hydrocarbon synthetically which is possibly a modification of terpinene. They reduced thymo-hydroquinone, thus obtaining menthane-2-5-diol, which was heated for half an hour with twice its weight of sulphate of potash under a reflux condenser, and so yielded a terpene boiling at 179°, of specific gravity about 0 840 and refractive index 1-4779. 

By methylation with dimethyl sulphate and potash, it yields methyl-eugenol, boiling at 248° to 249° and which on oxidation yields veratric acid, melting at 179° to 180°. 

Isoeugenol, shaken with dimethyl sulphate and caustic potash, yields methyl-isoeugenol, which can be identified by its dibromide, melting at 101° to 102°. 

To 10 c.c. of the oil (otto of rose or rose-geranium oil) 10 c.c. of formic acid 100 per cent, (specific gravity 1 22) is added, and the mixture gently boiled under a reflux condenser for one hour. The mixture is cooled, 100 c.c. of water added, and the whole transferred to a separator. The aqueous layer is rejected, and the oil washed with successive quantities of water as in the acetylation process. The formylated oil is dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate, and about 2 grams neutralised and saponified with alcoholic potash in the usual manner. The percentage of citronellol is then calculated from the following formula —... 

Ten grams of hydroxylamine hydrochloride are dissolved in 25 c.c. of water 10 grams of carbonate of potash, separately dissolved in 25 c.c. of water, are then added and the mixture filtered. With this solution 10 grams of the oil are thoroughly shaken for two hours at 15° to 18° C. The oil is then separated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate, and acetyl-ated with twice its volume of acetic. anhydride and one-fifth of its weight of anhydrous sodium acetate for two hours under a reflux condenser. The oil is washed, dried, and neutralised, and a weighed quantity (about 2 grams) saponified with alcoholic potash in the usual manner. 

Note. Prepare the precipitating reagent by dissolving 5.0 g aluminium potassium sulphate (potash alum) in 90 mL warm water. Cool and add dropwise with stirring, while cooling in ice, a solution of 2.0 g sodium hydroxide in 5.0 mL water until the initially formed precipitate re-dissolves. After standing for 12 hours, filter, adjust the pH to 12.6, and dilute to 100 mL with water. 

The potassium chloride and potassium sulphate system was studied. The results of tests carried out (Table 11.2) showed that the recovery levels of potassium chloride permeate were excellent at the higher operating temperatures, with almost perfect rejection of potassium sulphate. The SRS skid could be designed for use in the caustic potash industry and recover potassium chloride from effluent purges. 

By the care of my zealous assistant, Mr. W.C. Roberts, the hydrogen employed in these experiments was purified to the highest degree by passing it in succession through alcohol, water, caustic potash, and tubes of 0.7 meter each, filled with broken glass impregnated with nitrate of lead, sulphate of silver, and oil of vitriol. The gas was inodorous, and burned with a barely visible flame. ... 

Formerly all the iodine was made from the ash of seaweed, and potash was a remunerative appendix to the iodine industry but just as the Stassfurt salts killed those industries which extracted potash from other sources, so did the separation of iodine from the caliche mother-liquors threaten the industrial extraction of iodine from seaweed with extinction. Iodine in a very crude form was exported from Chili in 1874—e.g. a sample was reported with iodine 52-5 per cent. iodine chloride, 3-3 sodium iodate, 13 potassium and sodium nitrate and sulphate, 15 9 magnesium chloride, 0 4 insoluble matter, 1 5 water, 25-2 per cent. About that time much of the iodine was imported as cuprous iodide. This rendered necessary the purification of the Chilian product but now the iodine is purified in Chili before it is exported. The capacity of the Chilian nitre works for the extraction of iodine is greater than the world s demand. It is said that the existing Chilian factories could produce about 5100 tons of iodine per annum whereas the... 

The rate Oi diffusion.—In order to find if the components of a double salt are dissociated in soln.—say, alum K SO. A SO saq.v K SOa+A SO g+Aq.— T. Graham 3 assumed that the dissociated parts would diffuse with different velocities, and he found that potassium and aluminium sulphates diffused at different rates from an aq. soln. of potash alum into the pure solvent. Hence, he assumed that alum is partially dissociated into its constituents when in aq. soln. He likewise inferred that the components of the double sulphates of potassium and copper, and of potassium and magnesium, are not dissociated in aq. soln. since under the same conditions there is no sign of any difference in the rates of diffusion of the components. E. Fischer and E. Schmidmer 4 determined the relative quantities of the components of double salts which were drawn up by capillary attraction into rolls of filter paper. If a double salt is dissociated a larger proportion of the more diffusible component ascends the paper. Dissociation is far more pronounced in aq. than in alcoholic soln. 

The ash is mixed with 5 to 10 per cent, of slaked lime and placed in wooden barrels with false bottoms. Hot water is poured over the mixture, and, after standing for some time, the liquid is drawn off from time to time by removing a plug near the bottom of the cask. The liquid with a sp. gr. over 1 -15 is evaporated the low sp. gr. liquor may be used for lixiviating more ash and the residue in the barrels may be used as manure. The evaporation of the densest liquor to dryness is conducted in cast-iron pots, and the residue is afterwards calcined in a reverberatory furnace to burn away the organic matter—at the same time sulphates may be converted into sulphides. The product is crude potash. The crude potash may be mixed with sawdust and re-calcined. It is then digested with twice its weight of hot water, filtered, and cooled. The less soluble impurities—mainly potassium sulphate—crystallize out, and finally the mother liquid is evaporated to dryness and calcined as before, - or the solu. may be evaporated until crystals of potassium carbonate are deposited. 

Numerous processes have been proposed for extracting potash from felspar, leucite, alunite, and other minerals rich in this substance, but the cost is so great that very few proposals yet made ofier promise of successful competition with the Stassfurt deposits. This is even the case with alunite, where mere calcination to 1000° drives off water and sulphuric acid, leaving water-soluble potassium sulphate, and alumina. Humphry Davy in his paper On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity (1807), indicated in Cap. Ill, found that when water was electrolyzed in cavities contained in celestine, fluorspar, zeolite, lepidolite, basalt, vitreous lava, agate, or glass, the bases separated from the acid and accumulated about the cathode. It is therefore probable that if water with finely divided potash minerals in suspension were electrolyzed, the alkali would be separated in a convenient simple way. 

The purification of the alkali hydroxides.—Numerous impurities have been reported in commercial sodium and potassium hydroxides. Several have commented on the presence of peroxide, particularly in caustic potash.19 Various salts—carbonate, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, and phosphate—as well as alumina, silica, organic matters, and metal oxides—e.g. arsenic, vanadium, iron, etc., have been reported. More or less of the other alkalies may also be present. 

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