Porcine spleen

Deoxyribonuclease II Porcine spleen Same as DNA as I, except that d bonds are broken and average product is a hexanudeotide... 

Krstenansky, J.L., Owen, TJ., Payne, M.H., Shatzer, S.A. Buck, S.H. (1990) C-Terminal modifications of neuropeptide Y and its analogs leading to selectivity for the mosue brain receptor over the porcine spleen receptor. Neuropeptides 17, 117-120. 

Polyerga therapy utilizes porcine spleen extract that is composed of various peptides, that is, of relatively short-chain proteins. It is noted in the reference that the sole U.S. distributor of Polyerga is European Lifestyle Products, POB 1345, Gibsonia, PA 15944, 724-934-3068. 

Temperature, pH, metal ions, urea, and trehalose have been shown to alter the activities of the acid a-D-glucosidases from porcine spleen towards oligomeric and polymeric substrates containing different types of linkage, supporting the view that the enzyme binds polymers and oligomers at different sites. ... 

Porcine-spleen acid a-D-glucosidase has been shown to possess glucoamylase activity. 

Oklahoma City, Large-Scale Purification of Cathepsin D from Porcine Spleen . 

Kalf et al., 1990 Schlosser et al., 1990). Hydroquinone bound weakly to isolated bovine microtubules but not to porcine brain tubulin in vitro and to DNA in most of the in-vitro studies, in single studies with rat Zymbal glands in culture and in mice bone marrow in vitro. In vivo, hydroquinone did not bind to DNA from Zymbal gland, liver, spleen or kidneys of rat treated orally it did not induce DNA strand breaks in plasmid DNA. 

PAPs are glycoenzymes of 35-40kDa characterized by their intense purple color due to a tyrosine ligand-to-iron(III) charge transfer transition near 600 nm. The best studied PAPs are those from bovine spleen, porcine uterine fluids, and rat bone, which have been proposed to be involved in iron transport, the immune response, and bone resorption respectively. However, the biological relevance of the phosphatase activity of PAPs has not been unequivocally established. Recently, a bacterial phospholipase with active site properties resembling those of PAPs has also been reported. All PAPs contain a conserved dimetal binding... 

NPY receptors exist in many central and peripheral tissues crucial for cardiovascular control. Peripheral NPY receptor-types have been identified by various methods. Radioligand binding has demonstrated Y1 receptors in pig renal artery and dog spleen (Lundberg and Modin, 1995), while Y2 receptors have been identified in pig spleen (Lundberg and Modin, 1995) and rabbit kidney (Sheikh etal., 1989). In blood vessels of human kidney, Y1 receptor mRNA has been detected with in situ hybridization (Wharton et al., 1993). Mainly Y1 receptors have been demonstrated in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from porcine and rat arteries and veins (Mihara et al., 1990 Shigeri et al., 1991 Grundemar et al., 1992). Autoradiographic studies have labelled mainly Y1 receptors in small arteries in, for example, rabbit kidney (Leys et al., 1987) and rat pancreas (Sheikh et al., 1991), and intracardiac arterioles (Allen et al., 1993). On the other hand Y3-like receptors may be present in rat heart (Balasubramaniam et al., 1990). 

Levels of the enzyme vary greatly in different mammalian tissues. Normally, liver is the richest source (54 lU/g), followed by kidney cortex (11 lU/g), with lower amounts in brain, gastric mucosa, lymph nodes, and lung (74). GDH s from various organs of the same species are similar, if not identical. Complete cross-reaction occurs between antibodies induced by bovine liver GDH and extracts of bovine spleen, brain, and heart 75) the enzymes from liver, brain, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle are affected identically by purine nucleotides (17). One difference has been noted concerning the effect of phosphate, which stimulates ADP activation of the enzyme of porcine heart 76). 

Substrate. Globotriaosylceramide can be isolated from the neutral lipid fraction of many tissues, including kidney, spleen, and liver. Porcine intestine (Dean and Sweeley, 1977) or erythrocytes (Taketomi and Kawamura, 1972) have been recommended as convenient sources. A particularly rich source is tissue of patients with Fabry s disease (Sweeley and Klionsky, 1963), especially liver and kidney. This disease is rare, however, and autopsy tissue is usually difficult to obtain. 

Mengelers, M.J.B. Oorsprong, M.B.M. Kuiper, H.A. Aerts, M.M..L. Van Gogh, E.R. Van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. Determination of sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and their main metabolites in porcine plasma by column switching HPLC. J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal., 1989, 7, 1765-1776 Tu, Y.-H. Allen, L.V., Jr. Fiorica, V.M. Albers, D.D. Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim in the rat. J.Pharm.ScL, 1989, 78, 556-560 [plasma brain heart lung liver spleen kidney prostate testicles seminal vesicles LOD 100 ng/mL chlorphenesin carbamate pharmacokinetics]... 

The purple acid phosphatases (PAP) catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters under acidic pH conditions (pH optimum 5) (9, 10). They differ from other acid phosphatases in having a distinct purple color due to the presence of iron or manganese and in being uninhibited by tartrate. Diiron units have been found in the active sites of the enzymes from mammalian spleen (171-173) and uterus (173, 174), while a heterodinu-clear FeZn unit has been characterized for the enzyme from red kidney bean (175). Either the Fe2 or the FeZn unit is catalytically competent in these enzymes, since the enzymes from porcine uterus and bovine spleen can be converted into active FeZn forms and the kidney bean enzyme can be transformed into an active Fe2 form (176). There are also enzymes from other plant sources (particularly sweet potato) that have been reported to have either a mononuclear Mn(III) or Fe(III) active site (177), but these are beyond the scope of the review. This section will focus on the enzymes from porcine uterus (also called uteroferrin), bovine spleen, and red kidney bean. 

The best characterized PAPs are those from bovine spleen (BSPAP) and porcine uterine fluids (uteroferrin or Uf), which exhibit >90% homology in their amino acid sequences " " and... 

As summarized previously by this Committee, there was no evidence of DNA repair as a result of possible DNA damage in bacteria, whereas DNA single-strand breaks were consistently induced in cultured mammalian cells and were also observed in vivo in spleen, liver and kidney cells of mice after intraperitoneal injection of ochratoxin A. DNA repair, manifested as unscheduled DNA synthesis, was observed in most studies with primary cultures of rat and mouse hepatocytes, porcine epithelial cells from bladder and human urothelial cells (Annex 1, reference 153). 

Add phosphatases are ubiquitously distributed enzymes defined by the pH optimum (usually 4.9-6.0) of their hydrolytic activity toward orthophosphate monoesters. A metal-dependent subclass of these enzymes was first recognized in 1973, when iron-bearing acid phosphatases were isolated from porcine uterine fluid and bovine spleen Because of their intense colors they have become known as the purple add phosphatases. Its source, content of iron, and presumed role in iron transport fix>m pregnant sow to fetal pig have earned the pordne protein the euphonious name of uteroferrin. 

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