Change of transmission

The transmission of detonation in a confined space (in a tube or shothole) is higher than in the open air. E.g. an ammonium nitrate explosive with 4% nitroglycerine which ordinarily has a transmission value of 10-15 cm, in a mortar gives the value 19-23 cm, according to T. Urbanski [70]. This author studied change of transmission as a function of density. The results for ammonium nitrate explosives are given in the diagram in Fig. 144. 

The quantities in the square brackets are just the ones known from equ. (4.19) with equ. (4.16). Due to the fixed value of pass it can be seen that for the evaluation of relative intensities the dispersion correction can be omitted. However, the transmission factor Tret(Ekin, pass) which describes the change of transmission caused by the retardation becomes very important in this case, see Fig. 4.16. It has to be determined experimentally, and in ideal cases it can be estimated on the basis of Liouville s theorem for optical systems (see Section 10.3.2). In the example shown in Fig. 4.16 the essential action of the retardation field is to change the brightness B in one dimension. (One has a one-dimensional problem because the lens produces focusing of the line source in one dimension only (for details see [GSa75]).) Following equ. (10.47) one gets (subscripts ( and r denote quantities before and after retardation)... 

Figure 4.6 Working principle of a twisted nematic (TN) cell in the normally white" configuration (left), and the change of transmission with increasing applied voltage (right). In the cell configuration sketched above the threshold voltage (V,, ) for the electrooptical response corresponds to approximately V90 for 90% of maximum transmission.

Figure 8.5 Typical experimental set-up for Raman spectroscopy, using a fibre-coupled spectrograph and a 20-array CCD detector. Instead of the ambient-air interaction volume, a cell can be used. Performance curves for both notch and razor-edge filters are shown in the lower part of the figure (the shading towards shorter wavelengths indicates the change of transmission with tilt angle)...

With Class B AIS, there are no standards concerning change of transmission rate the rate differs according to the transmitter. It is necessary to understand and utdize the features of such apparatuses when equipping fishing boats that tend to increase or to decrease speed suddenly with Class B AIS. 

Principle of transmissibility. A force acting at a point on a body can be replaced by a second force acting at a different point on the body without changing the state of equilibrium or motion of the body as long as the second force has the same magnitude and line of action as the first. 

The first term in Eq. (7.7) is the in-phasc signal, which has the same phase as that of the pump, and the second term is a quadrature or out-of-phase signal, which has a 90° phase relative to that of the pump. Their respective frequency dependencies are shown in Figure 7-2. The normalized change in transmission can be related to the excitation cross-section and quantum yield of generation ... 

If an anodically colored electrochromic material (e.g., Ir02) is used as one electrode in the device in Eig. 33.1fi and a cathodically colored (e.g., WO3) is used as the other electrode, a much larger change in transmission per charge supplied can be seen compared to the case when only one electrode is electrochromic. Also, the use of an intercalation material as the counter electrode may be advantageous for the device shown in Eig. 33.1a, as it can minimize undesired reactions on the counter electrode. 

Since the actual motion of the Mossbauer drive, as for any frequency transmission system, can show phase shifts relative to the reference signal, the ideal folding point (FP) of the raw data in terms of channel numbers may be displaced from the center at channel number (N — l)/2 (= 255.5 in the example seen earlier). The folding routine must take this into account. Phase shift and FP depend on the settings of the feedback loop in the drive control unit. Therefore, any change of the spectrometer velocity tuning requires the recording of a new calibration spectrum. 

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