Polyvinyl chloride patent

Two patents (41,42) discuss the design of special agitators to maintain adequate heat transfer in bulk polyvinyl chloride reactors. 

R.R. Clikeman, D.H. Jones, T.J. Shortridge, and E.J. Troy, Methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene impact modifier polymers, polyvinyl chloride, compositions and methods, US Patent 4 379 876, assigned to Rohm and Haas Company (Philadelphia, PA), April 12,1983. 

Lawson, D.F. Kay, E.L. Flame and smoke retardants for polyvinyl chloride. PCT US Patent 3,957,723, assigned to The Firestone Tire Rubber Company, 1976. 

In those days, the mechanisms of carbonization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were also under study in our laboratory. We found that PVC transformed to a beautiful lustrous pitch upon heating to 400°C under nitrogen. This PVC pitch could be spun quite easily, by comparison with molten lignin, and thus the pitch-based carbon fiber was first prepared in essentially the same way as the lignin-based carbon fiber. We recognize now that we were fortunate in first using PVC pitch. We later tried many other pitches as raw materials for carbon fiber, but PVC pitch was the only one that could be spun without any pretreatment. This was in 1963. We immediately applied for a patent (2 ), and the fundamentals of pitch preparation and spinning as well as the structure of the finished fibers were published in 1965 (3 ). 

Whittington, L. R. "A Guide to the Literature and Patents Concerning Polyvinyl Chloride Technology," 2nd ed. Society of Plastics Engineers, Stamford, Conn. 1963 p. 232. 

Vinyl chloride was first discovered in the early 1800s. It was made from the reaction of dichloroethane and alcoholic potash. Later it was discovered that vinyl chloride polymerized spontaneously on prolonged exposure to sunlight, and studies of the white solid product, polyvinyl chloride, were carried out and published in 1872. In 1912, a commercial process for vinyl chloride produced from acetylene and hydrochloric acid with a mercuric chloride catalyst was patented in Germany and assigned to Chem-ische Fabrik Griesheim-Electron. By 1930, vinyl chloride was being produced as a commercial product based on this process 117,18]. 

With regard to other vinyl polymers, Klatte applied for a patent in 1913 to make synthetic fiber from polyvinyl chloride [7]. However, it was too early to apply for a patent. In 1932, monofilament was produced for the first time by the thermoplastification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by I. G. Since 1934, when chlorinated polyvinyl chloride began to be employed and spun from acetone solution, the fiber has been called Pe-Ce Faser. ... 

Polyvinyl chloride is a synthetic polymer that was first described by Regnault in 1838 [142]. Although there was already a German patent in 1913, which suggested the formation of new fiber from PVC [143], the chemical industry did not begin to show an active interest in this polymer until the early 1930s. 

Guide to the Literature and Patents Concerning Polyvinyl Chloride Technology ed., Soc. 

Patented or commercial polymer blends are in most cases multiphase, compatibilized systems. In the old but still popular blends of polyvinyl chloride or polycarbonate with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, PVC/ABS or PC/ABS, the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN, ascertains adequate compatibilization in the systems. Note that ABS went through a series of process and composition modifications to enhance performance in blends. 

In 1860, Hofman described the "metamorphosis" of vinyl bromide to pol3winyl bromide and Baumann repeated this "conversion" with vinyl chloride in 1872. However, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was not patented until 1912, when Klatte used sunlight to initiate the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Klatte produced the monomer by the mercuric chloride catalyzed addition of HCl to acetylene. He also suggested the use of camphor and triphenyl phosphate as plasticizers for PVC. 

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was first observed as long ago as 1838 by Regnault [7] and first patented in 1912 when Klatte used sunlight to initiate the photo polymerisation of vinyl chloride (VC). In 1926, Ostromislensky patented flexible film cast from a solution containing the polymer and a plasticiser. The phthalate plasticisers were introduced in 1920 and 1922. The first patent on a mouldable plasticised PVC (PVC-P) was granted to BFGoodrich in 1932. Later on the Carbide Company patented copolymers of VC with vinyl acetate (VAc) that are still in use today [1]. 

The high effectiveness of the stabilizing action of organotin compounds, noted in many investigations and patents, can be explained by their ability to suppress free-radical chain processes. Dibulyltin dilau-rate, widely used as a stabilizer of polyvinyl chloride, proves to be an effective inhibitor of the radical decomposition of tertiary bulyl hydroperoxide, initiated by cobalt octoate [12]. 

The manifestation of synergic action among mixtures of substances belonging to different types of polyvinyl chloride stabilizers is mentioned not only in abundant patent literature, but also in many investigations. Data are cited on the high activity of mixtures of epoxy compounds with salts of cadmium, zinc, and organotin compounds [93-97]. 

Of the amines, esters of /3-aminocrotonic and p-aminobenzoic acids, p-aminobenzenesulfamide [63, 266], hexamethylenetetramine [267], and certain others have been used for the stabilization of polyvinyl chloride. Phenyl-/ -naphthylamine, ethylphenylethanolamine [269], dicyanallqtl-amines [270], caprolactam [271], and N-(p-aminophenyl)hexamethylene-imine [268] have been recommended in the patent literature for the stabilization of polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chloride copolymers,... 

Amides of organic acids are used more often than amines for the stabilization of pol3rvlnyl chloride. The patent and periodical literature pertaining to the stabilization of the vinyl chloride pol3nner and copolymers by amides, in particular, by derivatives of urea and thiourea, is presented rather fully inthe survey [154]. Of interest are the recommendations on the use of substituted amides of phosphoric [272] and stearic [273] acids as stabilizers of polyvinyl chloride. These amides contain three-membered ethyleneimine rings, which open readily when they react with HCl. 

The first polymer blend patent appeared in 1846 in Birmingham, Alabama. A. Parkes blended gutta percha with natural rubber. Soon after the invention of nitrocellulose, blends of nitrocellulose with natural rubber were obtained. The first blend of two synthetic polymers came about in 1928 when polyvinyl chloride was mixed with polyvinyl acetate. By 1993, the polymer blend patent literature reached about 3000 patents a year [1]. 

D. I. Lawson, Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride/Polycarbonate Blend, US Patent 5,268,424, B. F. Goodrieh, Akron, OH, 1993. 

The first fully synthetic commercial polymer was phenol-formaldehyde, PF, patented hy A. V. Baeyer [1872] and commercialized by Leo H. Baekeland in 1910. In 1916 the first synthetic, methyl rubber was produced (by polymerization of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene) in Farbenfabriken Elberfeld. Around 19151. G. Farbenindustrie started production of polystyrene, PS, Trolitul. By 1935 the company manufactured PS, polyvinyl chloride, PV(3, styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR, and polymethylacrylate, PMA. In 1933 E. Fawcet and R. Gibson at ICI discovered polyethylene, LDPE, commercialized six years later. Polyethyleneterephthalate, PET, discovered by J. R. infield and J. T. Dickson at Calico Printers Association [1941], was introduced by ICI in 1946 as Terylene fibers. 

Olsen DJ, Stimpson MJ. Polyvinyl chloride compositions. US Patent 8,372,912 2013. 

Tetra-2,3-quinoxalinoporphyrazine manganese as the thermal stabilizer of the polyvinyl chloride. Russian Patent 2052464, 21 Jan 1996... 

Regnault described polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in 1835, but since no solvents were available for this polymer, no PVC coatings were produced. In 1920, Reid of Union Carbide and Voss and Dickhauser of I. G. Farbenindustrie fded for patents on a more soluble copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. This copolymer, produced under the trade name of Vinylite, was used to coat beer cans in 1936. 

Seizo O, Tadashi M, Hiroshi A, Ippei C (1963) Process for the production of fibas having polyvinyl chloride as the principal constituent and also containing polyvinyl alcohol. In Google Patents... 

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