Polyvinyl chloride stabilizers

Monoorganotins Polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, catalysts, Sn02 precursors (CEC 1978 WHO 1980 Chau etal. 1984 Blunden etal. 1985, Blunden and Chapman 1986). 

Nikonorow M, Mazur H, Piekacz H. 1973. Effect of orally administered plasticizers and polyvinyl chloride stabilizers in the rat. Tox Appl Pharmacol 26 253-259. 

In the second half of the last century a strong interest was developed in alkylacy-loxystannanes due to the discovery of the high fungicide activity of R3SnOCOR/ and the possibility that R2Sn(OCOR/)2 could be applied as polyvinyl chloride stabilizers (see Sections HIJ and IH.K). 

Dihalodiorganotin compounds are useful as polyvinyl chloride stabilizers,3 fungicides, insecticides,4 and key intermediates for the syntheses of other or-ganotin compounds. 

J. Wypich, Polyvinyl Chloride Stabilization , Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986. 

The manifestation of synergic action among mixtures of substances belonging to different types of polyvinyl chloride stabilizers is mentioned not only in abundant patent literature, but also in many investigations. Data are cited on the high activity of mixtures of epoxy compounds with salts of cadmium, zinc, and organotin compounds [93-97]. 

The synergic action of three types of mixtures of polyvinyl chloride stabilizers mixtures of two decelerators of thermal dehydrochlorination that do not bond hydrogen chloride, mixtures of two stabilizers that are hydrogen chloride acceptors, and mixtures of hydrogen chloride acceptors with decelerators of dehydrochlorination, possessing no acceptor properties, was investigated in [54, 73, 86]. 

A use is for internally illuminated signs in which any color can be introduced. Its dii sional stability recommends it for many optical uses. Acrylics are modified by copoly-mf ition to improve impact strength at the loss their extreme transparency.. An example is aci -modified polyvinyl chloride sheet, which is tougher than aciylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polycarbonate and is suitable for corrosion-resistant pans, aircraft parts and materia idling equipment. 

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Good Yellows. Antioxidants and stabilizers... 

Polyvinyl chloride/Polyvinyl acetate Good prevent yellowing. High-molecular-weight organotin stabilizers improve radiation stability color-corrected radiation formulations are available. Less resistant than PVC. 

FIG. 40 Antistatic effect of alkanesulfonates in rigid polyvinyl chloride (tin-stabilized). Surface resistance according to DIN 53 482. Test specimen I-mm milled sheets, stored for 1 day at 23°C and 50% relative humidity. 

Polyvinyl chloride has been modified by photochemical reactions in order to either produce a conductive polymer or to improve its light-stability. In the first case, the PVC plate was extensively photochlorinated and then degraded by UV exposure in N2. Total dehydrochlorination was achieved by a short Ar+ laser irradiation at 488 nm that leads to a purely carbon polymer which was shown to exhibit an electrical conductivity. In the second case, an epoxy-acrylate resin was coated onto a transparent PVC sheet and crosslinked by UV irradiation in the presence of both a photoinitiator and a UV absorber. This superficial treatment was found to greatly improve the photostability of PVC as well as its surface properties. 

In suspension polymerization, the monomer is agitated in a solvent to form droplets, and then stabilized through the use of surfactants to form micelles. The added initiator is soluble in the solvent such that the reaction is initiated at the skin of the micelle. Polymerization starts at the interface and proceeds towards the center of the droplet. Polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride are often produced via suspension polymerization processes. 

Thermal stabilizers combat degradation by removing the hydrogen chloride that is generated. Additionally, we treat polyvinyl chloride more gently than we do polyolefins. We use milder processing conditions (lower temperatures and lower shear rates) and add lubricants to... 

Polyvinyl chloride resin, because of its inherent thermal instability and wide range of applications, requires us to develop additive recipes based on specific application and processing requirements. Typical additive packages include stabilizers, plasticizers, waxes, processing aids, pigments, and mineral additives. 

How do primary and secondary stabilizers act to reduce degradation in polyvinyl chloride ... 

El-Abbes Faouzi et al. [77] studied the stability, compatibility and plasticizer extraction of miconazole injection added to infusion solutions and stored in polyvinyl chloride containers. The stability of miconazole in various diluents and in... 

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