Polyvinyl chloride adipates

The plasticizer-range alcohols are largely used as feedstock for production of high molecular weight diesters of phthalic, adipic, azelaic, and sulftiric acids. All these are used primarily in plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics. The plastics industry also uses them as additives for heat stabilization, to control the viscosity of PVC plastisols, ultraviolet absorbers, flame retardants, and antioxidants. They are also found in synthetic, lubricants, agricultural chemicals, and defoamers. 

Fig. 2. Comparison of the selectivities of neutral-carrier-modified solvent polymeric- [43] and bilayer membranes. The permeability ratios PJP (at equilibrium" (Ref. 18) as far as available) fulfilled for the glyceryl dioleate BLM s are taken from Figs. 10 and 11 in Ref. 18. Values on the SPM s were obtained using 0.1 M solutions of the aqueous chlorides and membranes of the composition 33.1 wt.% polyvinyl chloride, 66.2 wt.% dioctyl adipate, 0.7 wt.% carrier. For the macrotetrolides I2 NH( for valinomycin IZ K. ...

Adipic acid can also polymerize with alcohols such as ethylene glycol to form polyesters, which can combine with isocyanates to form polyurethanes. Smaller esters of adipic acid produced with alcohols in the C-8 to C-10 range are called adipates. These are used as softeners in plastic (such as polyvinyl chloride) and as synthetic grease base oils. Adipic acid is also used in the food industry. Food grade adipic acid is prepared synthetically or extracted from beet juice as a natural source. It is used as a gelling agent, as an acidulant to provide tartness, and as a preservative. 

Vinyl chloride can be polymerised to form polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which is fairly brittle and unsuitable for food contact applications, so it is mixed with plasticisers to soften the polymer and impart flexibility. Plasticised PVC may contain about 30% of plasticisers and is used to make stretch films and flexible PVC. Flexible PVC used for tubing and gaskets may contain di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and stretch films will probably contain di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate and a polymeric adipate plasticiser. Rigid PVC may... 

Use Organic synthesis, particularly of adipic acid and caprolactam (about 95%), polyvinyl chloride and its copolymers, and methacrylate ester polymers wood stains paint and varnish removers, spot removers degreasing of metals polishes leveling agent dyeing and delustering silk lubricating oil additive solvent for cellulosics natural and synthetic resins, waxes, fats, etc. 

L.G. Krauskopf, "Monomerics for Polyvinyl Chloride (Phthalate, Adipates and Trimellitates)", in Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook, J. Edenbaum, ed., VanNostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992, p. 373. 

Plasticizers are most commonly liquid esters of low volatUity, which are blended into rigid thermoplastic polymers to make them soft and flexible. Most are esters of phthatic, phosphoric, and adipic acids. Major use is in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastoplastics. Another major use, rarely mentioned in the literature, is the addition of hydrocarbon oils to rubber to improve processability. Plasticizers are also used to improve melt processabUity and toughness of rigid plastics such as cellulose esters and ethers, and they are used in a variety of specialized apphcations. In some cases, they perform dual functions such as thermal stabilization or flame retardance. This gives the individual processor the ability to tailor properties for each produet. 

Most plasticizers are used with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Some go into such plastics as cellulosics, nylon, polyolefins, and styrenics. Plasticizers are typically di- and tri-esters of aromatic or aliphatic acids and anhydrides. Epoxidized oil, phosphate esters, hydrocarbon oils, and some other materials also function as plasticizers. In some cases, it is difficult to discern whether a particular polymer additive functions as a plasticizer, lubricant, or flame retardant. The most popular plasticizers are the phthalates, followed by the epoxies, adipates, azelates, trimeflitates, phosphates, polyesters, and others. There are a number of discrete chemical compounds within each of these categories. As a result, the total number of plasticizers available is substantial. 

Plasticizers, which are added to improve the flexibility, softness and processibility of plastics, constitute a broad range of chemically and thermally stable products of a variety of chemical classes. Their principal use is in thermoplastic resins, and 80-85% of the world s production of plasticizers are used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing. Approximately 450 plasticizers are commercially available. Many are esters of carboxylic acids (e.g. phthalic, isophthalic, adipic, benzoic, abietic, trimellitic, oleic, sebacic acids) or phosphoric acid. Other plasticizers are chlorinated paraffins, epoxidized vegetable oils and adipate polymers. 

Among the additives used to modify the properties of polymeric packaging materials, plasticisers have raised much concern from the hygienic point of view. Butyl stearate, acetyltributyl citrate, alkyl sebacates and adipates are important because they are types of plasticisers that typically have low toxicities. Materials such as epoxidised soybean oil are widely used in polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride and polystyrene as thermal stabilisers and lubricants at a level of 0.1-27%. Toxicity of epoxidised soybean oil is affected by the presence of oxirane, also known as ethylene oxide, which was upgraded to Group 1 as a carcinogenic agent to humans, based on mechanistic and other relevant data. 

Offers a combination of low specific gravity, high performance, low volatility and excellent low teaqperature properties in polyvinyl chloride formulations. Heat and light stability of materials plasticized with PX-239 are coiqtarable to Di-2 Ethyl Hexyl Adipate. PX-239 is the adipate of choice when service conditions suggest that OEHA is too volatile and the coimpatibili-ty of DIDA is too low. 

An excsllent low tea erature plasticizer for a wide range of polynere, particularly nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber and polyvinyl chloride. It is essentially the ester of triethylene glycol with linear acids, average carbon nuaber C9 and gives superior low teagierature performance to the adipates end the sebacates. 

Other applications of AFM to the characterisation of polymers include polythiophene [9], nitrile rubbers [10], perfluoro copolymers of cyclic polyisocyanurates of hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate [11], perfluorosulfonate [12], vinyl polymers [13], polyhydroxybutyrate [14], polyacrylic acid nanogels [15], acrylic copolymers [16, 17], polyurethanes [18, 19], ethylene methacrylate copolymer [4, 20], polyamides [21], polyvinyl pyrrolidone [22], and polyethyl methacrylate dispersions [23], acryloyl chloride [13], aniline-4-sulfonic acid [24], ethylene propylene 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene terpolymer [25] and butylene adipate - butylene terephthalae [26]. 

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