Sulfur sodium polysulfide

Oxidation may be achieved in the presence of oxygen or air. Other suitable oxidants include sulfur, sodium polysulfide, iron (III) chloride, potassium ferro-cyanide (III) or potassium dichromate, peroxydisulfate or salts of aromatic nitro-sulfonic acids. An aqueous/alkaline medium is used in the presence of a high boiling organic solvent which is not miscible with water or which is almost immiscible with water. Cyclization with chlorosulfonic acid can be followed directly by oxidation with bromine to afford the thioindigo system, without separation of the intermediate. 

Heating with sodium sulfide and sulfur or with sodium polysulfide produces sodium thioantimonate, Na38b84 (also, known as 8chlippe s salt). 

The physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the sulfur-sodium polysulfide system influence many aspects of cell performance. For example, the 300°C operating temperature is dictated by the requirement that reaction products be liquid, and it is likewise this requirement which ultimately limits the extent of cell discharge. The phase behavior of sulfur-sodium polysulfide melts has been determined by both differen-... 

The sulfur-sodium polysulfide system has received the attention of electrochemists but few of the studies have been under conditions comparable to sodium-sulfur battery operating conditions. The thermodynamics of the system have been studied by means of open-circuit potentials (17,27), and dynamic measurements have been made in fused salts (28). The most pertinent studies are those of sulfur-polysulfide electrochemistry in the actual sulfur-polysulfide melts (24, 29, 35). The results of these studies seem to indicate that both the oxidation and reduction reactions are rapid, although the oxidation reaction is hindered by the formation of an insulating sulfur film. These studies also concluded that the electrode reaction sequences were quite complex because of the multitude of polysufide species. As the system becomes better characterized more quantitative descriptions are possible as evidenced by a recent work which modeled the resistive drop through an actual sulfur impregnated graphite electrode in order to correlate the spatial distribu-... 

The construction of operational, hermetically sealed sodium-sulfur cells requires container materials, which are mechanically suitable and compatible with sodium and sulfur-sodium polysulfide, current leads to the sulfur-graphite electrode, and several kinds of seals. These requirements of course are in addition to those for the solid electrolytes and sulfur electrodes described earlier. The problem of satisfying these requirements has been summarized by Gratch and co-workers (3). Particular applications—utility load-leveling, traction power, and military— impose further design constraints dictated by performance, capacity, size and weight, life, cost, and safety requirements. 

Thiokol A, Eihanite, Perdu ren. The first commercial poly-sulfide polymer, prepd from ethylene dichloride and sodium polysulfide. Sulfur content 84% d about 1.6. Mixes with natural rubber. Cured polymer retains unpleasant odor irritating fumes evolve during manuf. Stable to the usual organic solvents and dil mineral acids. Unstable to alkalies and oxidizing substances. Of low tensile strength and abrasion resistance. Not recommended where tropic or arctic climates prevail,... 

Thiokol FA Prepd from ethylene dichloride, dichlorodi-ethy] formal and sodium polysulfide Sulfur content 47% d ]. 34. No odor. Excellent solvent resistant characteristics but not as good as Thiokol A. Low temperature flexibility... 

The raw materials for the preparation of the polysulfides are sodium polysulfide and dichloroalkane. Sodium polysulfide is prepared by reacting sulfur with aqueous caustic to give sodium polysulfides of various ranks (values of x in the empirical formula Na tS )... 

Sodium aluminosilicate. See Sodium silicoaluminate Sodium alumino sulfo silicate CAS 101357-30-6 EINECS/ELINCS 309-928-3 Synonyms Silicic acid, aluminum sodium salt, sulfurized Sodium aluminum silicate polysulfide Sodium aluminum sulfosilicate Toxicology Nontoxic Uses Pigment for coatings, plastics Manuf./Distrib. Ferro/Perf. Pigments http //www.ferro.com] Holliday Pigments http //www.hoiiiday-pigments.com Sodium aluminum chlorohydroxy lactate CAS 8038-93-5 97660-24-7 EINECS/ELINCS 307-534-6... 

Sodium polysulfide sulfur mfg., fluorinated Triethylamine tris (hydrogen fluoride) sulfur migration inhibitor, rubber Sulfur, insoluble... 

Thermal decomposition of sodium hydrosulfite yields sulfur dioxide, sulfur, sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide or polysulfide. Therefore, Rongalite may be detected through the hydrogen sulfide it yields on pyrolysis. 

Blue sulfur dyes are obtained by treating diphenylamine derivatives with sodium polysulfide. Sulfur Blue 7, Sulfur Blue 9, and Sulfur Blue 13 are made from the intermediates below ... 

Both the m- and -phenylenediamines are used to manufacture sulfur dyes, either by refluxing in aqueous sodium polysulfide, or heating with elementary sulfur at 330°C to give the leuco form of the dye. These dyes are polymeric, high molecular weight compounds, and soluble in base. The color is developed by oxidation on the fabric. 2,4-Toluenediamine and sulfur give Sulfur Orange 1 (14). 

Zinin Reduction. The method of reducing aromatic nitro compounds with divalent sulfur is known as the Zinin reduction (57). This reaction can be carried out in a basic media using sulfides, polysulfides, or hydrosulfides as the reducing agent. These reactions can be represented as follows when the counter ion is sodium ... 

The additional sulfur for polysulfide pulping can upset the sodium—sulfur balance in the kraft recovery cycle and increase sulfur emission problems. In the MOXY (Mead Corp.) process, polysulfide is formed from kraft white Hquor by catalytic oxidation of sodium sulfide in the white Hquor using air. 

Thiuram Sulfides. These compounds, (8) and (9), are an important class of accelerator. Thiurams are produced by the oxidation of sodium dithiocarbamates. The di- and polysulfides can donate one or more atoms of sulfur from their molecular stmcture for vulcanization. The use of these compounds at relatively high levels with litde or no elemental sulfur provides articles with improved heat resistance. The short-chain (methyl and ethyl) thiurams and dithiocarbamates ate priced 2/kg. Producers have introduced ultra-accelerators based on longer-chain and branched-chain amines that are less volatile and less toxic. This development is also motivated by a desire to rninirnize airborne nitrosamines. 

The decomposition of dithionite in aqueous solution is accelerated by thiosulfate, polysulfide, and acids. The addition of mineral acid to a dithionite solution produces first a red color which turns yellow on standing subsequentiy, sulfur precipitates and evolution of sulfur dioxide takes place (346). Sodium dithionite is stabilized by sodium polyphosphate, sodium carbonate, and sodium salts of organic acids (347). 

The process of sulfurization is usually carried out by a sulfur bake, in which the dry organic starting material is heated with sulfur between 160 and 320°C a polysulfide bake, which includes sodium sulfide a polysulfide melt, in which aqueous sodium polysulfide and the organic starting material are heated under reflux or under pressure in a closed vessel or a solvent melt, in which butanol, CeUosolve, or dioxitol are used alone or together with water. 

Tendering Effects. CeUulosic materials dyed with sulfur black have been known to suffer degradation by acid tendering when stored under moist warm conditions. This effect may result from the Hberation of small quantities of sulfuric acid which occurs when some of the polysulfide links of the sulfur dye are mptured. A buffer, such as sodium acetate, or a dilute alkaH in the final rinse, especially after oxidation in acidic conditions, may prevent this occurrence. Copper salts should never be used with sulfur black dyes because they cataly2e sulfuric acid generation. Few instances of tendering with sulfur dyes other than black occur and the problem is largely confined to cotton. 

Sodium thiosulfate is a by-product of the manufacture of Sulfur Black and other sulfur dyes (qv), where organic nitro compounds are treated with a solution of sodium polysulfide to give thiosulfate. The dyes ate insoluble and ate recovered by fUtration. The fUtrate is treated with activated carbon and filteted to obtain a sodium thiosulfate solution. After concentration and crystallization, the final product assays ca 96% Na2S202 5H20 (34) (see Dyes AND... 

Both batch and continuous processes employ excess sulfur and operate at 85—110°C. Trace amounts of polysulftdes produce a yellow color which iadicates that all the ammonium sulfite has been consumed. Ammonium bisulfite is added to convert the last polysulfide to thiosulfate and the excess ammonia to ammonium sulfite. Concentrations of at least 70% (NH 2S2 3 obtained without evaporation. Excess sulfur is removed by filtration and color is improved with activated carbon treatment or sodium siUcate (66). Upon cooling the aqueous concentrated solution, ammonium thiosulfate crystallines. 

Both sodium sulfide and the bisulfide are used in the flotation process for copper minerals and as a depilatory for animal liides (see Copper Copper ALLOYS Leather). Also, sodium polysulfide can be produced from Na2S, and elemental sulfur can be produced if H2S is generated as an intemiediate. 

In the sodium—sulfur storage battery above 300°C, the overall chemical reaction occurs between molten sodium metal and sulfur to form sodium polysulfide. The cell voltage is related to the activity of the sodium ( Aia) sulfide relative to its activity in the metal. 

Sulfur dyes are used for dyeing ceUulosic fibers. They are insoluble in water and are reduced to the water-soluble leuco form for appHcation to the substrate by using sodium sulfide solution. The sulfur dye proper is then formed within the fiber pores by atmospheric oxidation (5). Sulfur dyes constitute an important class of dye for producing cost-effective tertiary shades, especially black, on ceUulosic fibers. One of the most important dyes is Cl Sulfur Black 1 [1326-82-5] (Cl 53185), prepared by heating 2,4-dinitrophenol with sodium polysulfide. 

In the Na/S system the sulfur can react with sodium yielding various reaction products, i.e. sodium polysulfides with a composition ranging from Na2S to Na2S5. Because of the violent chemical reaction between sodium and sulfur, the two reactants have to be separated by a solid electrolyte which must be a sodium-ion conductor. / " -Alumina is used at present as the electrolyte material because of its high sodium-ion conductivity. 

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