Sulfur Blue

Fig. 3. CPK (Corey-Pauhng-Koulton) rendering displaying shaded soHd surface for ranitidine, normally color-coded according to atom types (black representing carbon green, hydrogen yellow, sulfur blue, nitrogen and red, oxygen colors not shown here).

The stmcture of indophenol-type sulfur dyes was studied (21) on Cl Sulfur Blue 9 made from the indophenol (13). This compound was purified and brominated to a tetrabromo derivative (14) identical with that obtained on hromin ation of Methylene Violet [2516-05-4] (15). 

Thus, the presence of a thiamine ring in Cl Sulfur Blue 9 was conclusively proved. The thiamine ring is the fundamental chromophore that accounts for the high color value of both the sulfur dye and Methylene Blue [61-73-4] including their abiUty to form pale yeUow leuco forms on reduction. Methylene Violet (15) is obtained from Methylene Blue (16) by hydrolysis in boiling alkah. 

This work supports the suggestion that sulfur dyes are complex thiamines derived generally from diphenylamine units (22). Depending on the conditions of the thionation, two or more thiamine units could be linked by sulfur to produce a typical sulfur blue (17, R = OH or NH2). 

Sulfur blue dyes are often made using an organic solvent such as n-butanol, in what is known as the solvent reflux process. Examples are C.I. Sulfur Blue 9 and Sulfur Blue 13. In this case, intermediate structures are indophenols (e.g., 55). See Fig. 13.133. Similarly, sulfur dyes containing benzothiazine groups can be made from... 

Paracelsus abandoned all this witchcraft and superstition. He started the search for the potent drugs which the alchemist was to prepare or purify. Even the many herbs and extracts in common medical use were placed secondary to the value of these chemicals. There were many who gave ear to his instructions They went back to their laboratories, threw away the crucibles filled with the strange concoctions that would not change to gold, and sought medicines to relieve human suffering. Paracelsus himself showed the way. He experimented in his laboratory, and introduced into medicine salves made from the salts of mercury. He was the first to use tincture of opium, named by him laudanum, in the treatment of disease. The present pharmacopoeia includes much that Paracelsus employed —lead compounds, iron and zinc salts, arsenic preparations for skin diseases, milk of sulfur, blue vitriol, and other chemicals. 

Figure 1.21 Molecular representations. Structural formulas (bottom), ball-and-stick models (middle), and space-filling representations (top) of selected molecules are shown. Black = carbon, red = oxygen, white = hydrogen, yellow = sulfur, blue = nitrogen.

FIG. 7—Spectra of a blank sample (red), a second sample containing 100 mg/kg sulfur (blue), and a third sample containing 100 mg/kg chlorine (black). 

Fig. 17.3 Definition of atom names (yellow sulfur, blue nitrogen, red oxygen, gray carbon white hydrogen)...

Figure 16.11 SEM-EDX topical analysis of a spherical SILP WGS catalyst cut into half and polished- (a) SEM image of the catalyst sphere cut into half and (b) EDX map of the catalyst sphere showing ruthenium (purple representing precursor) and sulfur (blue representing ionic liquid) distribution, metal support liquid [BMMIM][OTf], a = 0.1 nil mlp. g, support material agglomer-...

Molten thiocyanates tend to form colloidal sulfur (blue coloration) if overheated, and this can have deleterious effects on the performance of any electrode The avoidance of hydrolytic reactions in molten sulfides, cyanides, and carbides would seem to be mandatory, even from an elementary school chemistry standpoint l... 

T Figure 2.24 The elements that are essential for life are indicated by colors. Red denotes the six most abundant elements in living systems (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur). Blue indicates the five next most abundant elements. Green indicates the elements needed in only trace amounts. 

Blue sulfur dyes are obtained by treating diphenylamine derivatives with sodium polysulfide. Sulfur Blue 7, Sulfur Blue 9, and Sulfur Blue 13 are made from the intermediates below ... 

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