Polystyrene data

The Newtonian viscosity of some polymers increases essentially linearly with the weight average molecular weight, and for other polymers the Newtonian viscosity increases with an exponential power of the molecular weight. The exponential power is found to be about 3.4, but this power does deviate for some polymers. These two transitions, Newtonian to pseudo-plastic and linear to 3.4 power in the Newtonian range are often related to molecular structure as demonstrated in Fig. 3.31 [22]. The polystyrene data used to develop the Adams-Campbell viscosity function showed almost no shear thinning at [18]. That is why the power law slope, s, is a function of and M. At the slope is zero and the material would be essentially Newtonian. 

The polystyrene data were collected from a steady state, continuous, well-mixed reactor. The initiator was n-butylli-thlum for data of Figure 2 and was azobisisobutylnitrile for data of Figure 3. Toluene was used as a solvent. The former polymerizatl n y ields an exponential population density distribution ( ), M /M = 1.5 the latter yields a molar distribution defined as th product of degree of polymerization and an exponential ( ), M /M = 2.0. Standards utilized in calibration of both instrumen s ftere polystyrene supplied by Pressure Chemical Company. 

A. Jones Yes, I didn t show all the data. Most of the data is from the literature. Polystyrene data and polyisobutylene data at two field strengths can be accounted for by these lattice models based upon the three bond jump. Some recent data by Dr. Bovey on the polybutene was more difficult to fit with regard to the frequency dependence. (F. C. Schilling, R. E. Cais and F. A. Bovey, Macromolecules ]A, 325 (19T8).) Frequency dependent data I think is important information to acquire when trying to understand the dynamics. 

Figure 23 shows the result of comparisons of life cycle CO2 emission of Bionolle, starch-Bionolle compound, LDPE, and polystyrene. Data for producing LDPE and polystyrene are taken from a report of the Plastic Waste Management Institute [17]. The disposal method assumed is incineration. CO2 emissions from both Bionolle and starch-Bionolle compound are lower than those of LDPE or polystyrene. 

Figure 3.22 Effect of chain transfer to solvent on number average degree of polymerization for polystyrene [data from R. A. Gregg and F. R. Mayo, Discuss Faraday Soc., 2, 328 (1947).] From F. W. Bilkneyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed. Copyright 1984 by John WUey Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John WUey Sons, Inc.

Fig. 8.2 Absolute complex viscosity / (

Fig. 8.3. Dynamic viscosity, absolute complex viscosity, and steady state viscosity for narrow distribution polystyrene. Data obtained at 25° C on a 0.071 gm/ml solution of polystyrene (Mw = 860000) in Aroclor (3/6)...

A more complete description of this procedure is shown in reference GO for the polystyrene data. The poly(methymethacrylate) data are from Hsieh (14). It should be noted here that the k,. 

The analytical depth profiling for these systems (e.g. the polystyrene data is shown in Figure 5) revealed that the reaction is essentially confined to the topmost monolayer of material ( ). This is entirely reasonable in terms of the plasma chemistry since the most prominent reactive species is atomic oxygen f ich is expected to have an extremely short mean free path in hydrocarbon polymers. This serves as a very good example of the powerful nature of XPS when applied to the study of the surface modification of polymers. 

Fig. 21. Fracture toughness, K, against crosslink density, v, for crosslinked polystyrene. Data from Ref. Units of K are MPa /m.

Figure 18.3. Orientation function vs. volume loading of talc in compression molded polystyrene. [Data from Kim K J, White J L. J. of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 66, Nos.2/3, 1996, 257-70.]...

As seen in Table 1, the decrease in permeability can be directly attributed to a dramatic reduction in the effective diffusion coefficient, while there is a much smaller effect on the apparent solubility. A similar dependence of the solubility and diffusion coefficients on the draw ratio has been observed in other uniaxially oriented polymers (35-37). Because the glass transition and density of the polystyrene samples were found independent of the draw ratio, they concluded that the reduction in diffusivity was due to anisotropic redistribution of the free volume during drawing. Using an expansion coefficient related to draw ratio, the polystyrene data were successfully correlated using the Cohen-Turnbull free volume theory. However, the situation was found to be more complex for PVC (i ) ... 

Figure 4.11 Light-scattering determination of the molecular weight of polystyrene. (Data of Problem 4.10.)...

Several models could be Imagined which could explain the above polystyrene data. Four possibilities are Illustrated In Figure... 

Figure 2.4. Beta-particle range-energy curve (log/log) in aluminum and polystyrene. (Data from ICRU 1984.)...

Fig. 20. Normalized gel layer thickness as a function of the square root of methyl ethyl ketone diffusion time for dissolution of polystyrene data of Tu and Ouano [43]. Reprinted with permission...

The polystyrene data provide evidence tiiat a cyclic intermediate is involved as part of the chain-breaking mechanism. If one assumes that the kinetics of polymerization and depolymerization are the same, and that solution and gas-phase kinetics are governed by the same molecular factors, then one can apply the relationship ... 

If criteria A and B hold, should be a universal function of 03. Figure 2-20 displays a test of this prediction with the polystyrene data shown in Figures 2-17 and 2-19. The plotted points are not fitted by a single line but are split into two groups, one consisting of the benzene data and the other of the cyclohexane and methyl ethyl ketone data. This result can be associated with the breakdown of criterion B (i), because, as shown above, polystyrene in these three solvents obeys criterion A (i). Since the two split lines lie quite close, they may not be discerned unless measurements are made with high accuracy, and the conclusion in support of criterion B (i) may be erroneously drawn. 

Figure 12.11.40. Surface DMS vs. toluene concentration for two bulk contents of DMS in polystyrene. [Data from Jiaxing Chen, J A GardeUa, Macromolecules, 31, No.26, 9328-36 (1998).]...

Square of the reciprocal, uncorrected specific heat capacity of sapphire and polystyrene as function of the square of the modulation frequency, as suggested by Eq.(3). Polystyrene data of Figure 4.94. Sapphire data In the literature citation. 

FIG. 4. Loss modulus of TR 41-1649, with 0.482 polystyrene. Data symbols and lines are the same as in Fig. 3. Major differences are apparent between the three types of interphases incorporated in the model. The linear profile is approximately correct in the mid-range but deficient as the peaks are approached, while the sharp interface case is an extremely poor predictor over the entire interpeak region. 

FIG. 8 (bottom). Loss modulus of TR 41-1647, with 0.268 polystyrene. Data symbols and lines correspond to those in Fig. 7. The linear composition profile is here most deficient in the plateau midrange, and the no-interphase assumption is entirely in error. 

Table 4. Interaction parameters (x=A+B/T) for blends of PCL with polyacrylonitrile and polystyrene data taken from [75]...

Molecular weight of polystyrene. Data obtained at 1.0 M polymer (based on monomer units) and is expected to be insensitive in the 0.2... 1.0 M range. Higher ratios are obtained at lower concentrations. 

Source Methane data from Refs. 3-6. Other polystyrene data from Ref. 2. All other data from Refs. 7-9. 

The molecular mass and MWD of all the samples were measured by means of a Waters 150 CV GPC instrument. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene at 140 and 170 °C was used as the eluant. The apparatus was calibrated with polystyrene. Data handling was carried out using Viscotex Trisec version 3.0 software. 

Figure 18.3. Orientation function vs. volume loading of talc in compression molded polystyrene. [Data from...

There are two common ways of representing the temperature dependence of the shift factor. One is as an exponential in reciprocal absolute temperature [exp( /Rr)], as done with the polystyrene data this functionality is usually vahd at temperatures well above the glass transition temperature, which is 104 °C for the polystyrene. The polystyrene data are fit with E/R = 9,300 K a value of order 4,000 K is typical of polyethylene, reflecting the wide variation in this parameter. The other commonly used functionahty is the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation, which is written... 

FIG. 17-21. Reduced steady-state compliance J°k plotted against cMy, with logarithmic scales for solutions (open circles) and undiluted samples (black circles) of narrow-distribution polystyrenes. Data from various measurements and various sources. (Graessley. ) Reproduced, by permission, from Advances in Polymer Science. 

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