Polysaccharides seeds

D (+) Galactose is a constituent of numerous polysaccharides It is best obtained by acid hydrolysis of lactose (milk sugar) a disaccharide of d glucose and d galactose L (—) Galactose also occurs naturally and can be prepared by hydrolysis of flaxseed gum and agar The principal source of d (+) mannose is hydrolysis of the polysaccharide of the ivory nut a large nut like seed obtained from a South American palm... 

Locust bean (carob) is derived from the endosperm portion of seeds of a tree widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area. It is a polysaccharide built of mannose units with short branches of single galactose units, with an average molecular weight of 310,000. 

The botanical gums represent a family of polysaccharides obtained from a wide variety of plant sources. They are subdivided into exudate gums, seed gums, and gums obtained by extraction of plant tissue. For a gum to be used in commercial quantities, it must be present in the tissues or be readily extractable in relatively pure form which limits the number of commercial botanical gums. 

Although most seeds contain starch as the principal food reserve, many contain other polysaccharides and some have industrial utility. The first seed gums used commercially were quince, psyUium, flax, and locust bean gum. However, only locust bean gum is stiU used, particularly in food appHcations quince and psyllium gums are only used in specialized appHcations. 

Tamarind kernel powder is insoluble in cold water, but upon heating forms thick viscous coUoidal dispersions at relatively low concentrations (2—3%). Upon drying, elastic films are formed. Tamarind seed polysaccharide is used as a low cost textile sizing agent in India. 

Tamarind seed polysaccharide, the gum fraction obtained from tamarind kernel polysaccharide, forms gels over a wide pH range in the presence of high sugar concentrations (>65 wt%), and it can therefore substitute for fmit pectins (65). 

Psyllium Seed Gum. PsyUium seed gum [8036-16-9] is derived from plants of the genus Plantago several species of which are used as commercial sources. However, most current production is from Plantago ovata grown in India. The gum is located in the coat which is removed by cracking. The gum is then extracted with boiling water and separated from the insoluble residue by filtration. It consists of mixtures of both neutral and acidic polysaccharides, the composition of which is species dependent (66). 

Arabinan. This highly soluble polymer is found in the extracts of many fmits and seeds, in the boiling water extracts of pine wood (127), in the extracts of marshmallow roots (A/t/jaea officina/is) (128), and aspen (63) and willow (Sa/ix a/ba F) (129) bark. Because arabinan can be isolated from mildly degraded pectin fractions, it is often difficult to determine whether it is a hemiceUulose or a labile fragment of a larger polysaccharide and/or lignin complex. Arabinans have a complex stmcture composed almost entirely of 5-linked a-L-arabinofuranosyl units with similar residues linked to them at C-2 and/or C-3 and is soluble in 70% aqueous methanol solution. 

Detergent Methods. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) methods (2), later modified for human foods (13), measure total insoluble plant cell wall material (NDF) and the cellulose—lignin complex (ADF). The easily solubilized pectins and some associated polysaccharides, galactomaimans of legume seeds, various plant gums, and seaweed polysaccharides are extracted away from the NDF. They caimot be recovered easily from the extract, and therefore the soluble fiber fraction is lost. 

Starch is a polysaccharide found in many plants, where it is stored in roots and seeds. It is particularly abundant in corn and potatoes, the major sources of commercial starch. Perhaps as much as 50% of our food energy comes from starch, mostly in the form of wheat products. 

Starch is a polysaccharide, a chain of many glucose molecules. It is the main carbohydrate store in roots and seeds. 

The rheological behavior of storage XGs was characterized by steady and dynamic shear rheometry [104,266]. Tamarind seed XG [266] showed a marked dependence of zero-shear viscosity on concentration in the semi-dilute region, which was similar to that of other stiff neutral polysaccharides, and ascribed to hyper-entanglements. In a later paper [292], the flow properties of XGs from different plant species, namely, suspension-cultured tobacco cells, apple pomace, and tamarind seed, were compared. The three XGs differed in composition and structural features (as mentioned in the former section) and... 

Polysaccharides isolated from the seeds of C. chinensis have effects both as immunostimulants and as antioxidants. The polysaccharide CS-A-3-/1 has a backbone of a-D-l,4-hnked GalpA and /1-L-1,2-Rhap imits with branches at C-4 of the Rhap residues and at C-3 of GalpA residues that are composed of an arabinogalactan and glucobiose. The Ara/ imits are terminal and 1,5-... 

Natural products have been noted for their potential health benefits from time immemorial and are the basis of Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical practice (Bushkin and Bushkin, 2002). However, the potential benefits of several natural products reside in one or two active ingredients. For example green tea stands for polyphenols, soy for soy estrogens, broccoli for isothiocyanates and grape seed for polyphenols. The beauty of rice bran is that there are more than 100 antioxidants, several categories of bioactive phytonutrients, such as IP6, polyphenols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, y-oryzanol, B vitamins, minerals and trace minerals in addition to fat, protein, fiber, polysaccharides and other nutrients. These phytonutrients and antioxidants of rice bran are believed to act at the cellular level, and their synergestic function is responsible for the positive health benefits. 

Many plant products are very rich in cell wall materials. Cereal brans, seed hulls, various pulps (including beet pulp), citrus peels, apple pomace... are typical exemples of such by-products (1,2). They can be used after simple treatments as dietary fibres, functional fibres or bulking agents, depending on the nutritional claims (2). They can be used also eis sources of some polysaccharides. 

The floss silk from Chorisia speciosa furnished a polysaccharide with a main chain of (1 -> 4) linked P-Xylp substituted at 0-2 by 5 % of uronic acid. The xylan structure also was interposed with a-Rhap units in small amounts. The defatted seeds furnished on aqueous extraction a major fraction, ((9-acetyl, 10 % and protein, 45 %) wich was hydrolysed and analysed by p.c. and GLC, showing Rha (20 %), Ara (16 %), Gal (64 %) and also uronic acids (45 %). Partial hydrolysis gave rise to a polysaccharide free of arabinose, with 46 % of uronic acids. Methylation analysis (GLC -MS) indicated a chain of (1 4) - linked Gal/ (42 % of 2,3,6-Me3-Gal). 

This paper reports the structural features of the silk floss polysaccharide and the partial structure of a viscous acidic polymer obtained from the seeds of Chorisia speciosa. It was of interest to analyze these polysaccarides due to the relationship of Bombacaceae to Sterculiaceae, as well as for its possible commercial uses. 

The seeds (30 g) were ground in a Willey mill (60 mesh) and defatted as described above for 32 h and the residue submitted to sequential aqueous exctractions. The material was stirred in H2O (600 ml) at 5, 20 and 70 each for 12 h. Addition of EtOH (2 vol.) precipitated polysaccharide which was isolated via sucessive centrifugation, and washed with EtOH and Me2CO, yielding fractions FI, FIl and Fill respectively (Figure 1). 

---