Polysaccharides easily soluble

Generally, reinforcing, cell-wall polysaccharides are least soluble while emollients, mucilaginous, and food reserve polysaccharides represent the most soluble group. Exceptions to the generalization that reserve food polysaccharides are easily soluble occur in starch amylose and seed mannan. Starch amylose is readily dispersible in most of its natural forms since it occurs mixed with easily soluble amylopectin which facilitates the dissolution of the amylose. 

Easily Soluble Polysaccharides. Pullulan with a DP of 250 a-D-gluco-pyranosyl units joined by 1 4 and 1 6 linkages in a linear chain is... 

Structural polysaccharides are almost always linear molecules, while polysaccharides that serve primarily as energy sources are commonly branched, or in some cases (e.g. starch) a mixture of linear and branched polysaccharides with the branched type predominating. In general, branched polysaccharides are easily soluble in water and have... 

Detergent Methods. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) methods (2), later modified for human foods (13), measure total insoluble plant cell wall material (NDF) and the cellulose—lignin complex (ADF). The easily solubilized pectins and some associated polysaccharides, galactomaimans of legume seeds, various plant gums, and seaweed polysaccharides are extracted away from the NDF. They caimot be recovered easily from the extract, and therefore the soluble fiber fraction is lost. 

Chitosan (Fig. 16) is an amino-modified natural polysaccharide that canbe also used as a polymeric gel for the covalent binding of OND probes [61]. Chitosan offers several advantages for NA immobilization. Its pH responsive properties allow it to be easily immobilized onto glass slides for the construction of arrays. Specifically, chitosan is soluble at low pH, when its amine groups are protonated, but becomes insoluble when the pH is raised above its pKa 6.3). 

The catalyzed telomerization of butadiene has been applied to other polysaccharides such as inulin (22) (Fig. 20) which is a polyfructose extracted from Jerusalem artichokes (tuber) or from chicory (roots). This soluble polymer is easily telomerized under mild conditions and the degree of substimtion is also dependent on the reaction conditions [20] (Fig. 20). 

Doree (Ref 3) describes them as a polysaccharides, which in their natural state are insoluble in boiling water, but readily soluble in dilute caustic and easily hydrolysable on warming with dilute acids... 

Using distribution between chloroform and water, Jones and asso-ciates have separated an acetylated mixture of neutral polysaccharide, which dissolved in the chloroform, and an acidic polysaccharide, which formed an emulsion between the two phases. Such mixtures were shown by Scott < to be easily separated by precipitation of the acidic component with such quaternary ammonium salts as cetyltrimethylammonium (Cetavlon) or cetylpyridinium halides. Polysaccharides which differ in acidity can also be separated by this method, and, as the solubility of the precipitate increases with increasing ionic strength, the separation can also be done as... 

Inulin [97,98,99,100] is the only commercial, water-soluble polysaccharide containing D-fruc-tose, a ketose. It is a linear molecule of 8-D-fmctofuranosyl units linked (2— 1). It is much smaller than other gums with chain lengths of only 15-22 units and is much more easily depolymerized under acidic conditions because its monomer units are in the furanosyl ring form. It is obtained mostly from roots of the chicory plant. Because of its small molecular size, hot solutions are relatively non-viscous even at concentrations of 50%. When hot solutions of > 25% concentration are cooled, a particulate gel forms. Inulin is used for its health benefits, viz, as a prebiotic. 

By far the most important polysaccharides are cellulose and starch. Both are produced in plants from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis, and both, as it happens, are made up of D-(+)-glucose units. Cellulose is the chief structural material of plants, giving the plants rigidity and form. It is probably the most widespread organic material known. Starch makes up the reserve food supply of plants and occurs chiefly in seeds. It is more water-soluble than cellulose, more easily hydrolyzed, and hence more readily digested. 

Some of the properties of dextrins may be easily and effectively modified. One of them is the solubility of dextrins. The hydrolysis of dextrins in the presence of a reversed micelle has been carried out as a part of model studies on the depolymerization of polysaccharides, and of poly- as well as oligo-saccharide waste, for the manufacture of ethanol and livestock feed. It was found that dextrin may be readily hydrolyzed in benzene by means of... 

The comparison of the monosaccharide composition of extracellular polysaccharides and the corresponding cell wall polysaccharides for 3 marine diatoms shown in Table 7 reveals marked differences as indicated by the fucose/rhamnose ratio. Similar observations were made by Percival et al. [116]. Further, as shown by Myklestad et al. [24], the soluble cellular storage polysaccharide is a glucan and therefore completely different from the complex released polysaccharides. The glucan would also easily be detected and be an excellent indicator of leakage. It seems thus safe to conclude that extracellular polysaccharides apparently are unique molecules. 

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