Polypyrrole supercapacitors

Keywords Polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, supercapacitors, batteries... 

Izadi-Najafabadi A (2006) Carbon nanotube and polypyrrole supercapacitors. UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada... 

Ingram, M. D., H. Staesche, and K. S. Ryder, Activated polypyrrole electrodes for high-power supercapacitor apphcations. Solid State Ionics, 169, 51 (2004). 

Jurewicz K., Delpeux S., Bertagna V., Beguin F., Frackowiak E. Supercapacitors from nanotubes/polypyrrole composites. Chem Phys Lett 2001 347 36-40. 

Electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and po 1 y(3.4-cthy 1 cncdi oxyth iophcnc) (PEDOT) have been applied in supercapacitors, due to their excellent electrochemical properties and lower cost than other ECPs. We demonstrated that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared by catalytic decomposition of acetylene in a solid solution are very effective conductivity additives in composite materials based on ECPs. In this paper, we show that a successful application of ECPs in supercapacitor technologies could be possible only in an asymmetric configuration, i.e. with electrodes of different nature. 

Recently supercapacitors are attracting much attention as new power sources complementary to secondary batteries. The term supercapacitors is used for both electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors. The EDLCs are based on the double-layer capacitance at carbon electrodes of high specific areas, while the pseudocapacitors are based on the pseudocapacitance of the films of redox oxides (Ru02, Ir02, etc.) or redox polymers (polypyrrole, polythiophene, etc.). 

Figure 10 Concept of supercapacitor devices based on dual-mode ion switching polypyrrole.

Figure 9 shows the discharge curves of a Type I polypyrrole-based, a Type II polypyrrole/poly(3-methylthiophene)-based and a Type III poly(dithieno[3,4-6 3, 4 -d]thiophene-based supercapacitor at 4 mA cm discharge current. Types I and II can be assembled using such conventional heterocyclic polymers as polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene, which are efficiently p-dopable polymers and can easily be chemically or electrochemically synthesized from inexpensive... 

Figure 9. Discharge curves at 4 mA cm of the three types of supercapacitors a) polypyrrole/LiC104 -propylene carbonate (PC)/polypyrrole b) polypyrrole/ LiC104-PC/poly(3-methylthiophene) c) poly(dithieno[3,4-6 3, 4 -rf ]thiophene)/ (C2Hs)4NBF4-PC/poly(dithieno[3,4-b . i, A -d]thiophene), potentiostatically charged at 1.1 V, 1.15 V, and 3.0 V, respectively.

In suspensions of carbon black in pyrrole, anodic polymerization takes advantage of the fact that carbon black particles are negatively charged on their surface which makes it possible for them to migrate to a positively charged anode where they become embedded within a growing polypyrrole matrix This production method is suitable for production of materials for sensors, supercapacitors, fuel cells, etc. The effect of carbon black on the chemical oxidation of pyrrole in carbon black suspensions is shown in Figure 6.26. ° ... 

Jurewicz, K., Delpeux, S., Bertagna, V., et al. (2001). Supercapacitors from nan-otubes/polypyrrole composites. Chem. Phys. Lett, 347, 36—40. 

An, K.H., Jeon, K.K., Heo, J.K., et al. (2002). High-capacitance supercapacitor using a nanocomposite electrode of single-waUed carbon nanotube and polypyrrole. J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, A1058-62. 

Conducting polymers such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, etc. have been actively studied for use in various fields due to their interesting properties batteries,46 electrochromic displays,47 materials for supercapacitors,48 corrosion protection,49 protecting layers for static electricity,50 materials for organic electroluminescence displays,51 sensing materials,52 etc. Polypyrrole is reported to be extremely rigid, with a semi-crystalline structure. 

A. Yoshizawa, M. Takeda, Y. Oura, Y. Takemoto and K. Naoi, Low-molecular-weight soluble polyaniline for electrolytic capacitor, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 45 H. Yamamoto, K. Kanemoto, M. Oshima and I. Isa, Self-healing characteristics of solid electrolytic capacitor with polypyrrole electrolyte, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 855 M. Mastragostino, R. Paraventi and A. Zanelli, Supercapacitors based on composite polymer electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000,147, 3167. 

M.D. Ingram, H. Staesche, and K.S. Ryder, Ladder-doped polypyrrole a possible electrode material for inclusion in electrochemical supercapacitors , J. Power Sources, 129, 107-112 (2004). 

Weng, Y.-T, Pan, H.-A., Wu, N.-L., Chen, G.Z., 2015. Titanium carbide nanocube core induced interfacial growth of crystalline polypyrrole/polyvinyl alcohol lamellar shell for wide-temperature range supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 274,1118-1125. 

Yao,W., Zhou, H., Lu,Y, 2013. Synthesis and property of novel Mn02 polypyrrole coaxial nanotubes as electrode material for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 241,359-366. 

P., Yang, Y., Shi, , Shen, Q., Shang, Y., Wu, S., Wei, J., Wang, K., Zhu, H., Yuan, Q., Cao, A, Wu, D., 2014. Core-double-shell, carbon nanotube polypyrrole MnO(2) sponge as freestanding, compressible supercapacitor electrode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 5228-5234. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. 

Grover, S., Shekhar, S., Sharma, R.K., Singh, G., 2014. MultiwaUed carbon nanombe supported polypyrrole manganese oxide composite supercapacitor electrode Role of manganese oxide dispersion in performcmce evolution. Electrochim. Acta 116,137-145. 

Hu, Y., Zhao, Y, Li,Y, Li, H., Shao, H., Qu, L., 2012. Defective super-long carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole composite for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 66,279-286. 

Huang, Y., Tao, ]., Meng, W., Zhu, M., Huang, Y., Fu,Y, Gao, Y, Zhi, C., 2015. Super-high rate stretchable polypyrrole-based supercapacitors with excellent cycling stabiUty. Nano Energy 11,518-525. 

Carbon nano tube-polypyrrole core-sheU sponge and its application as highly compressible supercapacitor electrode. Nano Res. 7,209-218. 

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