Nafion/polypyrrole composite

Easton EB, Langsdorf BL, Hughes JA, Sultan J, Qi Z, Kaufinan A, Pickup PG (2003) Characteristics of polypyrrole/Nafion composite membranes in a direct methanol fuel cell. J Electrochem Soc 150 C735-C739... 

Zhu J, Sattler RR, Garsuch YO, Pickup PG (2006) Optimisation of polypyrrole/Nafion composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 51 4052-4060... 

Momma, T., Kakuda, S., Yarimizu, H., and Osaka, T., Electrochemical redox properties of polypyrrole/Nafion composite film in a solid polymer electrolyte battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 1766-1769 (1995). 

Polypyrrole cells using Li/LiC104 in PC as electrolyte have been proposed and extensively investigated [410-12]. Commercial application has been achieved two large companies have produced batteries based on litium/polypyrrole [413]. Recently a polypyrrole/Nafion composite was used in a lithium/poly(ethylenoxide) cell with improved characteristics over the simple polypyrrole electrode [414]. 

E.B. Easton, B.L. Langsdorf, J.A. Hughes, J. Sultan, Z. Qi, A. Kaufman and P.G. Pickup, Characteristics of polypyrrole/nafion composite membranes in a direct methanol fuel cell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, C735 (2003). 

The most studied Nafion composite membranes with organic fillers include blends of Nafion with polypyrrole, polybenzimidazole, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyanfline, sulftmated poly(ether ether ketone), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 

The acid-base Nafion composite membranes include blends of Nafion with polypyrrole (PPy) [98-104], polybenzimidazole (PBI) [105-107], poly (propyleneoxide) (PPO) [108, 109], polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) [110], poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [111-115], sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde (sPF) [116], polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) [117-122], poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) [123], poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) [124] polyanifine (PANI) [125-128], polyethylene (PE) [129], poly(ethylene-terephtalate) [130], sulfated p-cyclodextrin (sCD) [131], sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) [132-135], sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) (sPAEK) [136], poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) [137], poly(vinylimidazole) (PVl) [138], poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVPy) [139], poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) [140-142], poly(fluorinated ethylene-propylene) [143], sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (sPOSS) [144], poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) [145, 146], polyrotaxanes (PR) [147], purple membrane [148], sulfonated polystyrene (PSSA) [149, 150], polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-bpolystyrene (SEES) [151], poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulphonic acid-co-l,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) (AMPS) [152], and chitosan [31]. A binary PVA/chitosan [153] and a ternary Nafion composite with PVA, polyimide (PI) and 8-trimethoxy silylpropyl glycerin ether-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (TSPS) has also been reported [154]. 

Li L, Zhang Y, Drillet JF, Dittmeyer R, Jtittner KM (2007) Preparation and characterization of Pt direct deposition on polypyrrole modified Nafion composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Chem Eng J 133 113-119... 

Other polymer systems that have been studied with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance are poly(tetracycaoquinyldimethane) [91], poly(3-methylthiophene) [92], diheptylviologen bromide [93], polyani-line/Nafion composite films [94] and polypyrrole/3-(pyrrol-l-yl) propane sulphonate composites [95], and poly(pyrrole) composites with several anions [96-97]. 

Poly(N-methylpyrrole) has been used in several studies because of its higher stability than unsubstitut polypyrrole (24,25). A poly(N-methylpyrrole)/Nafion composite was found to be an effective support, and is attractive for use in fuel cells because of its proton conductivity (24). Incorporation of polynuclear rudienium oxide/cyanoruthenates into poly(N-methylpyirole) containing Pt particles produced a synergistic incr se in methanol oxidation activity (25). 

Yoon el al. [112] reported an all-solid-state sensor for blood analysis. The sensor consists of a set of ion-selective membranes for the measurement of H+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cl. The metal electrodes were patterned on a ceramic substrate and covered with a layer of solvent-processible polyurethane (PU) membrane. However, the pH measurement was reported to suffer severe unstable drift due to the permeation of water vapor and carbon dioxide through the membrane to the membrane-electrode interface. For conducting polymer-modified electrodes, the adhesion of conducting polymer to the membrane has been improved by introducing an adhesion layer. For example, polypyrrole (PPy) to membrane adhesion is improved by using an adhesion layer, such as Nafion [60] or a composite of PPy and Nafion [117],... 

Additional improvements can be achieved through the use of multilayers (based on different overlaid films). Such combination of the properties of different films has been documented with bilayers of Nation/CA (14) and Nafion/collagen (29). The former allows selective measurements of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the presence of the slightly larger epinephrine and the anionic ascorbic acid (Figure 5). In addition to bilayers, mixed (composite) films, such as PVP/CA (75) or polypyrrole/Eastman Kodak AQ (30) layers can offer additional permselectivity advantages, such composites exhibit properties superior to those of their individual components. Also promising are sensor arrays, based on electrodes coated with... 

Composites between polypyrrole and a variety of porous materials such as paper, cloth or wood have been made. Often the respective material was impregnated with an oxidant such as FeCls and subsequently contacted with pyrrole vapor or solution. For example, polypyrrole (and polyaniline) have been made in Nafion perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes by treatment with aqueous ferric chloride and the monomers. ... 

Yogeswaran et al., designed a new bimetallic nanoparticles (Au and Pt) modified electrodes for simultaneous determination of AA, EP and UA [169], First, a composite film comprising of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes and nafion was formed on the GC electrode. Then Au and Pt NPs were electrochemically deposited on to the composite film modified GC electrode. The voltammetric peaks of AA, EP and UA are well resolved with the peak separations of 222 mV and 131 mV respectively. Lu et al., demonstrated the determination of UA on GC electrode electrodeposited with AuNPs and DNA [170], Clean GC electrode was immersed into a AuNPs colloidal solution and a potential of +1.5 V is applied for 60 min for the deposition of AuNPs. Then the electrode was dipped into a DNA solution (0.1 mg/ml) and a potential of +1.5 V is applied for 30 min to electrodeposit DNA. Finally, DNA/AuNPs modified electrode excellently separates the voltammetric signals of UA, NEP and AA. Li et al., electrodeposited AuNPs on the GC electrode modified with the ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole film [171], The modified determines the UA in the presence of EP and AA with a lowest detection limit of 1.2 x 10"8 M. 

Park et al. [102] reported a noticeable reduction of the methanol uptake in Nafion/polypyrrole composite membranes, which is accompanied by a similar decrease in the water sorption. A Nafion/polyaniline membrane containing polyanilines with different oxidation states is reported [127] to reduce around 10 % the methanol uptake, particularly the oxidized state, along with a very small reduction of the water uptake. A similar study on Nafion/polyaniline membrane reported a larger reduction (40 %) of the methanol uptake, which reached 50 % when Si02 was added to the composite membrane, without any significant effect on the water uptake [125]. 

Park HS, Kim YJ, Hong WH, Lee HK (2006) Physical and electrochemical properties of Nafion/polypyrrole composite membrane for DMFC. J Membr Sci 272 28-36... 

S. Moravcovd, Z. Cflovd, and K. Bouzek, Preparation of a novel composite material based on a Nafion membrane and polypyrrole for potential application in a PEM fuel cell, J. Appl. Electrochem. 35(10), 991-997 (2005). 

Schwenzer, B., Kim, S., Vijayakumar, M., Yang, Z., Liu, J., Correlation of structural differences between Nafion/polyaniline and Nafion/polypyrrole composite membranes and observed transport properties. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 372 (1-2), 11-19. 

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