Nafion/polypyrrole composite membranes

Park et al. [102] reported a noticeable reduction of the methanol uptake in Nafion/polypyrrole composite membranes, which is accompanied by a similar decrease in the water sorption. A Nafion/polyaniline membrane containing polyanilines with different oxidation states is reported [127] to reduce around 10 % the methanol uptake, particularly the oxidized state, along with a very small reduction of the water uptake. A similar study on Nafion/polyaniline membrane reported a larger reduction (40 %) of the methanol uptake, which reached 50 % when Si02 was added to the composite membrane, without any significant effect on the water uptake [125]. 

Park HS, Kim YJ, Hong WH, Lee HK (2006) Physical and electrochemical properties of Nafion/polypyrrole composite membrane for DMFC. J Membr Sci 272 28-36... 

Schwenzer, B., Kim, S., Vijayakumar, M., Yang, Z., Liu, J., Correlation of structural differences between Nafion/polyaniline and Nafion/polypyrrole composite membranes and observed transport properties. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 372 (1-2), 11-19. 

Composites between polypyrrole and a variety of porous materials such as paper, cloth or wood have been made. Often the respective material was impregnated with an oxidant such as FeCls and subsequently contacted with pyrrole vapor or solution. For example, polypyrrole (and polyaniline) have been made in Nafion perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes by treatment with aqueous ferric chloride and the monomers. ... 

The most studied Nafion composite membranes with organic fillers include blends of Nafion with polypyrrole, polybenzimidazole, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyanfline, sulftmated poly(ether ether ketone), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 

The acid-base Nafion composite membranes include blends of Nafion with polypyrrole (PPy) [98-104], polybenzimidazole (PBI) [105-107], poly (propyleneoxide) (PPO) [108, 109], polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) [110], poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [111-115], sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde (sPF) [116], polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) [117-122], poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) [123], poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) [124] polyanifine (PANI) [125-128], polyethylene (PE) [129], poly(ethylene-terephtalate) [130], sulfated p-cyclodextrin (sCD) [131], sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) [132-135], sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) (sPAEK) [136], poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) [137], poly(vinylimidazole) (PVl) [138], poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVPy) [139], poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) [140-142], poly(fluorinated ethylene-propylene) [143], sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (sPOSS) [144], poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) [145, 146], polyrotaxanes (PR) [147], purple membrane [148], sulfonated polystyrene (PSSA) [149, 150], polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-bpolystyrene (SEES) [151], poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulphonic acid-co-l,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) (AMPS) [152], and chitosan [31]. A binary PVA/chitosan [153] and a ternary Nafion composite with PVA, polyimide (PI) and 8-trimethoxy silylpropyl glycerin ether-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (TSPS) has also been reported [154]. 

Easton EB, Langsdorf BL, Hughes JA, Sultan J, Qi Z, Kaufinan A, Pickup PG (2003) Characteristics of polypyrrole/Nafion composite membranes in a direct methanol fuel cell. J Electrochem Soc 150 C735-C739... 

Zhu J, Sattler RR, Garsuch YO, Pickup PG (2006) Optimisation of polypyrrole/Nafion composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 51 4052-4060... 

Li L, Zhang Y, Drillet JF, Dittmeyer R, Jtittner KM (2007) Preparation and characterization of Pt direct deposition on polypyrrole modified Nafion composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Chem Eng J 133 113-119... 

E.B. Easton, B.L. Langsdorf, J.A. Hughes, J. Sultan, Z. Qi, A. Kaufman and P.G. Pickup, Characteristics of polypyrrole/nafion composite membranes in a direct methanol fuel cell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, C735 (2003). 

Yoon el al. [112] reported an all-solid-state sensor for blood analysis. The sensor consists of a set of ion-selective membranes for the measurement of H+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cl. The metal electrodes were patterned on a ceramic substrate and covered with a layer of solvent-processible polyurethane (PU) membrane. However, the pH measurement was reported to suffer severe unstable drift due to the permeation of water vapor and carbon dioxide through the membrane to the membrane-electrode interface. For conducting polymer-modified electrodes, the adhesion of conducting polymer to the membrane has been improved by introducing an adhesion layer. For example, polypyrrole (PPy) to membrane adhesion is improved by using an adhesion layer, such as Nafion [60] or a composite of PPy and Nafion [117],... 

S. Moravcovd, Z. Cflovd, and K. Bouzek, Preparation of a novel composite material based on a Nafion membrane and polypyrrole for potential application in a PEM fuel cell, J. Appl. Electrochem. 35(10), 991-997 (2005). 

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