Polypyrrole actuation mechanism

Zama, T., S. Hara, W. Takashima, and K. Kaneto. 2004. The correlation between electrically induced stress and mechanical tensile strength of polypyrrole actuators. B Chem Soc Jpn 77 1425. 

Murray P, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Burford RP (1997) In-situ mecharrical properties of tosylate doped (pTS) polypyrrole. Synth Met 84 847-848 Mutlu R, Alici G (2010a) Artificial muscles with adjustable stiffiress. Smart Mater Struct 19 045004 Mutlu R, Alici G (2010b) A mrrltistable linear actuation mechanism based on artificial muscles. JMech Des 132 111001-111001... 

Bilayer and trilayer actuators Characterizations of Electrochemical cell Experimental procedure Materials Conducting polymers (CPs) Liquid electrolyte Open air Cyclic voltammetry Dibutyltin dilaurate Electronic conducting polymers (ECPs) Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Polypyrrole (PPY) Actuation mechanism of Electrogeneration of Electropolymerization of pyrrole monomer Oxidation and reduction reaction of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane Force characterizations IPNs Load curves and metrics PVDF membrane Strain characterizations... 

Fig. 7 (a) A typical multi-layer actuators based on PVDF membranes (Wu et al. 2006). (b) Illustration of the actuation mechanism of multi-layer polypyrrole actuator. Up bending upon application of a voltage. Down the oxidation and reduction reaction of PPy... 

Figure 15.6 Polypyrrole chain microstructure before and after processing using stretching or rolling leading to chain alignment in the machine direction (MD). (Reprinted with permission from Polymer, Anisotropic actuation of mechanically textured polypyrrole films by R. Z. Pytel, E. L. Thomas, Y. Chen, and I. W. Hunter, Polymer, 49, 5, 1338-1349. Copyright (2008)...

Many of the polymers that will be discussed throughout this chapter have been utilized in a variety of applications beyond electrochromism that include supercapadtors [32-34], mechanical actuators [34-36], polymer Kght-emitting diodes (PLEDs) [34,37-39], polymer photovoltaic devices [34,37-39], and sensors [40—42]. Section 20.3 focuses on the electrochromic properties of some of the most common poly(heterocycles) and their derivatives. The specific families to be discussed are PTs, polypyrroles, poly(3,4-alkylenedioxyheterocycles), polyanilines, and polycarbazoles. 

Gandhi, M., P. Murray, G.M. Spinks, and G.G. Wallace. 1995. Mechanism of electromechanical actuation in polypyrrole. Synth Met... 

Of all known intrinsically conducting polymers, polypyrrole is probably the one most frequently used in commercial applications, mainly due to the long-term stability of its conductivity and to the possibility of forming homopolymers or composites with optimal mechanical properties [1-5]. The preparation of soluble and processible polypyrroles, with an additional improvement in atmospheric stability, makes these materials serious candidates for use in technological applications, for example, for antistatic or magnetic shielding coatings [6-8], sensors and actuators [9-11], batteries [12-14], and molecular devices or modified electrodes [15-18]. 

Ruangchuay L, Sirivat A, Schwank J (2004) Electrical conductivity response of polypyrrole to acetone vapor effect of dopant anions and interaction mechanisms. Synth Met 140 15-21 Sakthivel M, Weppner W (2006a) Response behaviour of a hydrogen sensor based on ionic conducting polymer-metal interfaces prepared by the chemical reduction method. Sensors 6 284-297 Sakthivel M, Weppner W (2006b) Development of a hydrogen sensor based on solid polymer electrolyte membranes. Sens Actuators B 113 998-1004... 

In the last few years investigations have centered mainly on the improvement of the physical properties of polypyrroles, such as processability, stability or mechanical integrity. Thus soluble polypyrroles are now available and several techniques, such as blend or composite formation, are being optimized in order to prepare processable materials which can be used and processed like common polymers. Those possibilities, as well as the improvement in atmospheric stability of polypyrroles, make these materials serious candidates for use in specific technological applications, such as antistatic or magnetic shielding coatings, sensors and actuators, batteries, molecular devices or modified electrodes. 

Gandhi M R, Murray P, Spinks G M and Wallace G G, Mechanism of electromechanical actuation in polypyrrole , Synthetic Metals, 73, 247 (1995). 

Wu Y, Alici G, Madden JDW, Spinks GM, Wallace GG (2007) Soft mechanical sensors through reverse actuation in polypyrrole. Adv Funct Mater 17 3216-3222 Zainudeen UL, Careem MA, Skaamp S (2007) Actuators based on pedot and PPy conducting polymer bilayers and trilayers. In Industrial and information systems, 2007. ICIIS 2007. International conference on, 9-11 Aug 2007. Peradeniya, pp 461-464 Zhou D, Wallace GG, Spinks GM, Liu L, Cowan R, Saunders E, Newbold C (2003) Actuators for the cochlear implant Synth Met 135-136 39-40... 

Alici G, Huynh NN (2007) Performance quantification of conducting polymer actuatois for real applications a microgripping system. lEEE/ASME Trans Mechatron 12 73-84 Bay L, Jacobsen T, Skaarup S, West K (2001) Mechanism of actuation in conducting polymers osmotic expansion. J Phys Chem B 105 8492-8497 Berdichevsky Y, Lo YH (2003) Polymer microvalve based on anisotropic expansion of polypyrrole. MRS Online Proc Libr 782 101-107... 

Warren MR, Madden JDW (2006a) A structural, electronic and electrochemical study of polypyrrole as a function of oxidation state. Synth Met 156(9-10) 724—730 Warren MR, Madden JDW (2006b) Electrochemical switching of conducting polymers a variable resistance transmission line model. J Electroanal Chem 590(1) 76-81 Wing Yu Lam J (2011) Influences of growth conditions and porosity on polypyrrole for supercapacitor electrode performance. UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada Wu Y et al (2007) Soft mechanical sensors through reverse actuation in polypyrrole. Adv Funct Mater 17(16) 3216-3222... 

CNTs are also widely used in actuators [168-171], The addition of CNTs to PANI fibers increased the electromechanical actuation because the CNTs improved the mechanical, electronic and electrochemical properties of the PANI fibers [172-174], Composites based on CNTs are studied for a variety of sensor applications [175-177], For example, polypyrrole or PANI deposited on single-walled CNT networks that can be used as solid state pH sensors [178], A DNA sensor was created fi om a composite of polypyrrole and CNTs fimctionalized with carboxylic groups to covalently immobilize DNA onto CNTs [179], In general, the presence of CNTs tends to increase the overall and selectivity of biosensors, The thermal transport properties of polymer composites can be improved with the addition of CNTs due to the excellent thermal conductivity of CNTs, Such composite are quite attractive for usages as printed circuit boards, connectors, thermal interface materials, heat sinks, lids, housings, etc, [92,180],... 

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