Polymer photovoltaic devices

There is experimental consensus on the most important parameters of singlelayer polymer photovoltaic devices, the short circuit current / , the open circuit voltage V c, and the filling factor FF. From these parameters the efficiencies of PPV based devices were typically calculated to be around 0.1% under monochromatic low light intensities. Efforts to extend the classical semiconductor picture of... 

The excellent photosensitivity and relatively high energy conversion efficiencies obtained from the bulk hetcrojunction materials arc promising. The monochromatic power efficiencies for conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices are around... 

Kymakis E and Amaratunga GAJ (2002b). Single-wall carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 112-114. 

Hodgkiss JM, Campbell AR, Marsh RA, Rao A, Albert-Seifried S, Friend RH (2010) Subnanosecond geminate charge recombination in polymer-polymer photovoltaic devices. Phys Rev Lett 104 177701... 

Xu Y, Long G, Huang L et al (2010) Polymer photovoltaic devices with transparent graphene electrodes produced by spin-casting. Carbon 48 3308-3311... 

Barker J. A., Ramsdale C. M. and Greenham N. C. (2003), Modeling the cnrrent-voltage characteristics of bilayer polymer photovoltaic devices , Phys. Rev. B 67, 075205-1-075205-9. 

The first single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices were presented by Kymakis et al. [314]. As photoactive... 

Barker JA, Ramsdale CM, Greenham NC (2003) Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of bilayer polymer photovoltaic devices. Phys Rev B 67 075205... 

Deng X, Zheng L, Yang C, Li Y, Yu G, Cao Y (2004) Polymer photovoltaic devices fabricated with blend MEHPPV and organic small molecules. J Phys Chem B 108 3451... 

Kannan B, Castelino K, Majumdar A (2003) Design of nanostructured heterojunction polymer photovoltaic devices. Nano Lett 3 1729... 

Kymakis E, Amaratunga GAJ (2002) Single-wall carbon nanotube/polymer photovoltaic devices. Appl Phys Lett 80 112... 

FIGURE 1.6 Device design for polymer photovoltaic device (the thickness of the polymer... 

We will consider ways in which the efficiency of polymer photovoltaic devices might be improved, taking each step of the PV process in turn. 

Suitability for Mass Production. Thin film organic polymers have unique potential for the low-cost large-area mass production of photovoltaic devices. Small amounts of Inexpensive material are required and mass production fabrication processes similar to those already used In the polymer converting Industry, Including film manufacture, lamination, metal coating, and printing, may be applicable. This Is one of the major attractions of a thin film organic polymer photovoltaic device. 

C. Groves, R.A. Marsh and N.C. Greenham, Monte Carlo modeling of geminate recombination in polymer-polymer photovoltaic devices, J. Chem. Phys., 129, 114903 (2008). 

Geng, J., Zeng, X, 2006. Influence of single-walled carbon nano tubes induced crystallinity enhancement and morphology change on polymer photovoltaic devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128,16827-16833. 

Bhattacharyya, S., Kymakis, E., and Amaratunga, G. A J. (2004). Photovoltaic properties of dye functionalized single-Kymakis, E., and Amaratunga, G. A J. (2002). Single-wall carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices. Appl. Phys. Lett, 80, pp. 112-114. 

D. Yu, K. Park, M. Durstock, L. Dai, Fullerene-Grafted Graphene for Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Photovoltaic Devices. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011,2,1113-1118. 

S. Miyanishi, Y. Zhang, K. Hashimoto, K. Tajima, Controlled Synthesis of Fullerene-Attached Poly(3-Alkylthiophene)-Based Copolymers for Rational Morphological Design in Polymer Photovoltaic Devices. Macromolecules 2012,45,6424-6437. 

E. Kymakis, and G.A.J. Amaratunga, Single-wall carbon nanotube/conju-gated polymer photovoltaic devices. Applied Physics Letters, 2002. 80(1) p. 112-114. 

K. Takanezawa, K. Tajima, and K. Hashimoto, Efficiency enhancement of polymer photovoltaic devices hybridized with ZnO nanorod arrays by the introduction of a vanadium oxide buffer layer. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 93(6) p. 063308-3. 

Lu S, Niu J, Li W, Mao J, Jiang J. Photophysics and morphology investigation based on perylenetetracarboxylate/polymer photovoltaic devices. Sol Energ Mater Sol Cells 2007 91(4) 261-5. 

Zhou, Q., et al. 2003. Efficient polymer photovoltaic devices based on blend of MEH-PPV and Geo derivatives. Synth Met 135-136 825. 

Many of the polymers that will be discussed throughout this chapter have been utilized in a variety of applications beyond electrochromism that include supercapadtors [32-34], mechanical actuators [34-36], polymer Kght-emitting diodes (PLEDs) [34,37-39], polymer photovoltaic devices [34,37-39], and sensors [40—42]. Section 20.3 focuses on the electrochromic properties of some of the most common poly(heterocycles) and their derivatives. The specific families to be discussed are PTs, polypyrroles, poly(3,4-alkylenedioxyheterocycles), polyanilines, and polycarbazoles. 

Chen, L., D. Godovsky, O. Inganas, J.C. Hummelen, R.A.J. Janssen, M. Svensson, and M.R. Anderson. 2000. Polymer photovoltaic devices from stratified multilayers of donor-acceptor blends. Adv Mater 12 1367. 

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