Polypropylene glycol oxide

Propylene oxide and carboxyUc acids ia equimolar ratios produce monoesters of propylene glycol. Higher ratios of oxide to acid produce polypropylene glycol monoesters. In the presence of basic catalysts these monoesters can undergo transesterification reactions that yield a product mixture of propylene glycols, monoesters, and diesters (57,60). 

Depending on the propylene oxide/water ratio, di-, tri- and polypropylene glycols can be made the main products. 

About 60% of the propylene oxide made is polymerized to polypropylene glycol and other polyethers for use in polyurethane foams and adhesives. Propylene glycol is also widely used in polyester resins based on maleic anhydride. 

All commercial materials are based on calcium hydroxide and liquid alkyl salicylates (Prosser, Grolfman Wilson, 1982) and are supplied as a two-paste pack. Zinc oxide is sometimes added to the calcium hydroxide, as are neutral fillers. A paste is formed from this powder by the addition of a plasticizer examples include A-ethyl toluenesulphonamide (o- orp-) and paraffin oil, with sometimes minor additions of polypropylene glycol. The other paste is based on an alkyl salicylate as the active constituent containing an inorganic filler such as titanium dioxide, calcium sulphate, calcium tungstate or barium sulphate. Alkyl salicylates used include methyl salicylate, isobutyl salicylate, and 1-methyl trimethylene disalicylate. An example of one commercial material, Dycal, is given in Table 9.7, but its composition has been subjected to change over the years. 

Polypropylene glycol was stored in the presence of water at a temperature greater than 100°C. Ten to fifteen hours later, there was a violent reaction as well as a substantial gas release. This accident was interpreted by polyether oxidation by air (peroxidation ). 

Under these conditions, the polyethylene oxide blocks behave chromatographi-cally invisible and retention of the block copolymer is solely directed by the polypropylene oxide block, yielding fractions of different degrees of polymerization (m) with respect to PPO. The assignment of the peaks was based on comparison with the chromatogram of a polypropylene glycol. 

Figure 2.21 Most probable hydrogens attacked by oxidation a) PP resin segment, b) polypropylene glycol segment, and c) trans polyisoprene segment. The arrows point to the hydrogens that are the most susceptible to attack and removal...

Jeffamines are materials that contain polypropylene glycol, poly(ethylene oxide-h-propylene oxide), or poly(propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-h-propylene oxide), which contain an amine terminus. 

The biodegradation of poly(alkylene glycols) is hindered by their lack of water solubility, and only the low oligomers of polypropylene glycol) are biodegradable with any certainty (179—181), as are those of poly(tetramethylene glycol) (182). A similar exo-oxidation mechanism to that reported for poly(ethylene glycol) has been proposed. 

Analyses. Samples of reaction mixtures were frozen and sublimed into the vacuum line (10-6 mm Hg). The vapor was passed through a wide-bore U-trap at —45°C which collected acetic acid and volatile oxidation products and allowed any unreacted hexenes to pass. After further fractional condensation the hexene was transferred to a graduated tube to measure the volume and was finally analyzed by GLC using a 12 meter X 6 mm column packed with polypropylene glycol LB-550-X on Chromosorb W. The sublimation residue was analyzed by IR spectroscopy while the acetic acid condensate was subjected to a wet separation (5, 15) to recover the oxidation products for GLC analysis. 

Permissible semigelatinous or powdery expls consisting of an expl oil, an oxidizer, an adsorbent, an inhibitor and a polyethylene (or polypropylene) glycol of mol wt... 

Nonionic Surface-Active Agents. Approximately 14% of the ethylene oxide consumed in the United States is used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants. These are derived by addition of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohols, alkylphenols (qv), tall oil, alkyl mercaptans, and various polyols such as polypropylene glycol), sorbitol, mannitol, and cellulose. They are used in household detergent formulations, industrial surfactant applications, in emulsion polymerization, textiles, paper manufacturing and recycling, and for many other applications (281). 

Figure 10.1 Temperature dependence of the H T2 relaxation time of well-defined end-linked (PPO) networks with narrow molecular mass distributions between chemical crosslinks [44], The molecular mass of network chains (in g/mol) is shown in this figure. The temperature dependence of a linear, high-molecular-mass polypropylene oxide) prepared from a polypropylene glycol precursor (with a molecular mass of 4000 g/mol) using a chain extender with a chemical structure similar to that of the crosslinker is shown for comparison. The synthesis of the model networks has been...

The value of a for poly(propylene oxide) was obtained from the data of Moacanin 189) for polyurethanes prepared by condensation of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate with atactic polypropylene glycols of molecular weights about 1000 and 2000. The small quantity of diisocyanate present in these compositions can make only a negligible effect on the chain dimensions (less than one per cent on the freely rotating chain, as is... 

The more spacious P-CD, with its internal diameter of 5.8 A, is able to complex polymers thicker than PEO. It forms insoluble ICs with channel structures with polypropylene glycol (PPO) [237], and even poly(tetrafluorethylenoxide-co-difluormethylenoxide) [238], This does not mean that slim polymers, such as poly(trimethylene oxide), are complexed less by P-CD, but less stable ICs are formed, in which the polymer does not completely fill the cavity. The structure of the IC is shown in Fig. 22 [239], Poly(dimethylsiloxane) [217,240] and poly(dimethylsilane) [241,242] are also complexed by P-CD when their molecular weights are less than 400g mol-1. 

Use Manufacture of polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene glycols, aluminum alkyls, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, ethyl chloride, ethylene chlorohydrin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, polystyrene, styrene, polyvinyl chloride, SBR, polyester resins, trichloroethylene, etc. as a refrigerant, in welding and cutting of metals, an anesthetic, and in orchard sprays to accelerate fruit ripening. 

Close to two-thirds of the propylene oxide produced goes to polypropylene glycol and polyester glycols production destined for use in polyurethanes. The polyol diols are made by the base-catalyzed reaction of propylene glycol... 

PPG [Polypropylene Glycol] Abbreviated to the acronym PPG by the International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient. Polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG-x , where x is the average number of propylene oxide (CjHgO) monomer units (e.g., PPG-10). Esters and ethers of polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG derivatives (e.g., PPG-10 stearate, PPG-10 lauryl ether). These compounds are generally used as emollients, emulsifiers, humectants, or surfactants. 

The diisocyanates are used mainly in the manufacture of polyurethanes (PUR). These are produced by polyaddition of diisocyanates and dihydric alcohols, in particular the polyether alcohols (i.e., polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and the reaction products of propylene oxide with polyhydric alcohols). In addition, oligomeric esters from dicarboxylic acids and diols (polyester alcohols) are also used [91] ... 

This is obtained by the action of water or glycol on ethylene oxide. PPG polypropylene glycol ... 

Polyether-polyols are produced by the poiyaddition of an epoxide (propylene or ethylene oxide) to an active hydrogen initiator (polyol, amine, add. water, etc.). Polypropylene glycol PPG) is obtained by the poiyaddition of propylene oxide to propylene glycol, used as an initiator ... 

Sample Preparation. The polymers used in this study were obtained from Union Carbide (Carbowax 400 (PEO) and poly (propylene glycol) 400 and 1000), from Polyscience (poly(ethylene oxide) 1500 and polypropylene glycol) 4000), and from J. T. Baker (poly(ethylene glycol) 4000 and 6000). For the sake of simplicity, all the polymers based on... 

Besides poly(oxypropylene) glycols, also referred to as polypropylene glycols, random or block copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide can also be used in coatings (97). 

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