Polymeric surfactants classification

The first section of this chapter describes the solution properties of polymers, and this is followed by a general classification of polymeric surfactants. Examples are provided of polymeric surfactants and polyelectrolytes that are used as dispersants and emulsifiers. 

There is a second particularity to be noted many virtually water-insoluble polymeric amphiphiles can be swollen to yield polymeric lyotropic mesophases, even if the miscibility gap is broad (Fig. 37). Such behaviour seems to be widespread for vinylic polymerized surfactants with side-chain spacers [126, 231, 331], I.e., neither polysoap behaviour implies the capability to form lyotropic mesophases, nor the presence of lyotropic mesophases the classification as polysoap. 

In this overview, the first section will on general classification of polymeric surfactants. This is followed by a section on preparation of polymeric snrfactants, with particular reference to sugar-based molecules. This is followed by a discussion of their solntion properties. The next section will be devoted to the adsorption of polymeric snrfactants at the solid/liquid (S/L) interface, whereby a summary will be given to some of the theoretical treatments and the methods that... 

A simple classification of surfactants based on the nature of the hydrophilic group is commonly used. Three main classes may be distinguished, namely anionic, cationic and amphoteric. A useful technical reference is McCutcheon [3], which is produced annually to update the list of available surfactants, van Os et al. have listed the physicochemical properties of selected anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants [4]. Another useful text is the Handbook of Surfactants hy Porter [5]. In addition, a fourth class of surfactants, usually referred to as polymeric surfactants, has long been used for the preparation of emulsions and suspensions and their stabilization. 

This chapter will start with a short account of the general classification and description of polymeric surfactants. This is followed by a summary on then-solutions properties. The adsorption and conformation of polymeric surfactants at the solid-liquid interface will be discussed at a fundamental level and some experimental results will be presented to illustrate the prediction of the theories. The interaction energies between particles or droplets containing adsorbed polymeric surfactants will be briefly described. The final section will give some applications of polymeric surfactants in suspensions, emulsions, and multiple emulsions. 

It is understood that manufacturing of liquid detergents that are unstructured in their commercial form may involve intermediate streams which are, in fact, structured fluids, such as surfactant solutions at high active concentrations, within anisotropic mesophase boundaries, or concentrated polymeric solutions and gels. Whether the source is raw material, premix, or final product, manufacturing operations for each of these classifications are discussed with a focus on any specific requirements or limitations due to the physicochemical form. 

Classification Linear alcohol ethoxylate Definition PEG ether of a mixt. of syn. C9-11 fatty alcohols with avg. 3 moles EO Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Surfactant emulsifier in cosmetics intermediate dispersant wetting agent for household/industrial detergents, cosmetics, textiles, leather, agric., paints/coatings, emulsion polymerization, lubricants, silicon and wax emulsions, metal treatment, paper processing... 

Synonyms PEG-34 nonyl phenyl ether POE (34) nonyl phenyl ether Classification Ethoxylated alkyl phenol Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Surfactant, emulsifier for emulsion polymerization (acrylics and vinyl acetate), paints and coatings emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles... 

Classification Ethoxylated alkyl phenol Formula C9Hi9C6H4(OCH2CH2)nOH, avg. n = 120 Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Surfactant), emulsifier for emulsion polymerization emulsifier, cleansing agent in cosmetics in paper/paperboard in contact with dry food... 

Classification Ethoxylated fatty acid ester Definition PEG ester of tall oil acid Formula RCO-(OCH2CH2)nOH, RCO- rep. fatty acids from tall oil, avg. n = 20 Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Surfactant, detergent, emulsifier, lubricant, softener for cosmetics, textiles, leather, metal cleaning defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings in food-contact textiles... 

In this class of materials, the careful control of monomer feed and reaction conditions allows the preparation of surfactants in which such characteristics as the hydrophile-lipophUe balance (HLB), solubility, wetting, and foaming properties can be closely and reproducibly controlled. The classification of these surfactants is based primarily on the nature of the initiator employed in the formation of the initial polymer block, with subclasses determined by the compositions of the various blocks. In fact, there is no need for the initiator in these materials to be particularly hydrophobic the hydrophobicity is derived from one of the two polymeric blocks. Typical initiators would be monohydric alcohols such as butanol and dihydric materials (glycol, glycerol and higher polyols, ethylene diamine, etc.). A generic alkylene oxide molecule can be represented by... 

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