FATTY ACIDS FROM TALL OIL

Tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) consist primarily of oleic andlinoleic acids and are obtained by the distillation of crude tall oil. Crude tall oil, a by-product of the kraft pulping process, is a mixture of fatty acids, rosin acids, and unsaponiftables (1). These components are separated from one another by a series of distillations (2). Several grades of TOFA are available depending on rosin, unsap oniftable content, color, and color stabiUty. Typical compositions of tall oil fatty acid products are shown in Table 1 (see Tall oil). 

At present, tall oil fatty acids are produced by six companies using 12 fractionating plants in the United States, one in Canada, 13 in Europe, two in  

one in New Zealand, and at least one in Russia. Worldwide cmde tall oil fractionating capacity in 1988 was estimated at slightly over 1.4 million  

Year Cmde tall oil, 10 t/yr TOFA, 10- 5 Approximate average price of TOFA, 0/kg  

Year Intermediate chemicals Protective coatings Soaps and disinfectants Flotation Other uses 

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Carboxylic acids fatty acids from tall oil... 

CARBOXYLICACIDS - FATTY ACIDS FROM TALL OIL] (Vol 5) Tall oil faty acid pOFA)... 

Siace the mid 1950s, tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) have become available ia good quaUties and large quantities (see Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from TALL oil). Refined grades of TOFA have degrees of unsaturation rivaling that of soya acids. Siace it is a year-rouad by-product from the paper iadustry, its... 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

The dimer acids [61788-89-4] 9- and 10-carboxystearic acids, and C-21 dicarboxylic acids are products resulting from three different reactions of C-18 unsaturated fatty acids. These reactions are, respectively, self-condensation, reaction with carbon monoxide followed by oxidation of the resulting 9- or 10-formylstearic acid (or, alternatively, by hydrocarboxylation of the unsaturated fatty acid), and Diels-Alder reaction with acryUc acid. The starting materials for these reactions have been almost exclusively tall oil fatty acids or, to a lesser degree, oleic acid, although other unsaturated fatty acid feedstocks can be used (see Carboxylic acids. Fatty acids from tall oil Tall oil). 

Quatemized imidazolines with an amido moiety are suitable formulations for general oil and gas field applications. The synthesis of such compounds is detailed in the literature [1218]. For aqueous systems that contain sulfide compounds, a mixture has been described [262] that consists of an aqueous solution of an alcohol such as diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, butyl cellosolve, additional orthophosphoric acid, a fatty acid (from tall oil), substituted imidazoline, an ethoxylated fatty diamine (polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, etc.), and a molybdate compound. 

Margarine -m tall oil [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - FATTY ACIDS FROM TALL OIL] (Vol 5) -food additives m [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) -food packaging for [FOOD PACKAGING] (Vol 11) -lecithin m [LECITHIN] (Vol 15) -nut oils m [NUTS] (Vol 17) -trace analysis of [TRACE AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS] (Vol 24) -useofsorbates [SORBIC ACID] (Vol 22)... 

The fatty acids from tall oil have the following components oleic (50%), linoleic (35%), conjugated linoleic (8%), stearic (2%), palmitic (1%), and others (4%). From tall oil... 

Formula RCO-(OCFl2CFl2) OFI, RCO- rep. fatty acids from tall oil, avg. n = 5... 

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