Polymer solar cells conjugated polymers

Xiang N, Liu Y, Zhou W et al (2010) Synthesis and characterization of porphyrin-terthiophene and oligothiophene Jt-conjugated copolymers for polymer solar cells. Eur Polym J 46(5) 1084-1092... 

Lira-Cantu, M. Krebs, F. C. 2005. Polymer photovoltaics From conjugated polymers to hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells. Recent Res. Dev.Appl. Phys. 8 71-98. 

One of the most promising uses of C60 involves its potential application, when mixed with 7r-conjligated polymers, in polymer solar cells. Most often the so-called bulk heterojunction configuration is used, in which the active layer consists of a blend of electron-donating materials, for example, p-type conjugated polymers, and an electron-accepting material (n-type), such as (6,6)-phenyl-Cgi -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM, Scheme 9.6).38... 

The development of suitable contacts for polymer solar cells has directly profited from the developments in light-emitting diodes, due to the injec-tion/extraction similarity. Due to its lower barrier for hole transfer between most conjugated polymers and PEDOT PSS as compared to ITO, this highly doped polymer electrode was applied at an early stage in solar cells as... 

In a recent pubHcation, Alivisatos and co-workers reported the making of hybrid nanorods-polymer solar cells and their properties [122]. These solar cells were made by spin casting of a solution of both poly(3-hexylthiophene) (hole acceptor) and CdSe nanorods (electron acceptor) onto indium tin oxide glass substrates coated with poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonic acid and aluminum as a top contact. Nanorods have been used in composites so as to improve the carrier mobiHty. Indeed, the latter can be high for some inorganic semiconductors, but it is typically extremely low for conjugated polymers [123]. The use of the nanorods suppHes an interface for the charge transfer as well as a direct path for electrical transport. Also, because of their anisotropy, self-assembly of these nanorods is observed by electron microscopy. It shows... 

In this section we review theoretical and experimental results important for understanding the photophysics of polymer solar cells. We examine the states that are involved in the processes of photoinduced charge generation, and present a theoretical framework that describes the separation and recombination of charge-transfer states. Finally, we review the mechanisms for charge formation that operate in a fdm of a single conjugated polymer and the additional mechanisms, relevant to solar cell devices, that occur in binary donor acceptor blends. 

The innovations in materials science boost the development of polymer solar cell. Considering the four aspects mentioned previously, three methods have been developed accordingly (Li, 2012), namely side chain engineering, donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymerization and large fused aromatic ring structure. Some of the representative high performance conjugated polymers are displayed in Fig. 5.2B. 

K. Nakabayashi, H. Mori, All-Polymer Solar Cells Based on Fully Conjugated Block Copolymers Composed of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) and Poly(Naphthalene Bisimide) Segments. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 9618-9625. 

J. W. Jung, F. Liu, T. P. Russell, W. H. Jo, Semi-crystalline Random Conjugated Copolymers with Panchromatic Absorption for Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3301. 

Synthesis of all-conjugated donor—acceptor block copolymers and their application in aU-polymer solar cells 13PC5518. 

I 72 Fullerene/Conjugated Polyiner Composite for the State-of-the-Art Polymer Solar Cells 12.3.1.1 Absorption Enhancement... 

There are two main types of PSCs including bilayer heterojunction and bulk-heterojunction [7]. Bulk-heterojunction PSCs are more attractive due to their high surface area junction that increases conversion efficiency. This type of polymer solar cell consists of Glass, ITO, PEDOT PSS, active layer, calciiun and aluminum in which conjugated polymer are used as active layer [8]. The organic solar cells with maximum conversion efficiency about 6% still are at the begiiming of development and have a long... 

For polymer solar cells, as described above, typically, conjugated low band gap polymer (electron donor) is blended with an electron acceptor to achieve a BHJ layer and fabricated on a transparent conducting oxide (TCO)-coated glass substrate (i.e., tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)). In this system, photons are absorbed by the electron donor, then excitons are generated, diffuse to the interface of the two bulk components, and dissociate. The acceptor receives the electron and transfers to the electrode, while the hole remains within the donor as shown in Fig. 6.4. 

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