Photovoltaics-polymers

There is experimental consensus on the most important parameters of singlelayer polymer photovoltaic devices, the short circuit current / , the open circuit voltage V c, and the filling factor FF. From these parameters the efficiencies of PPV based devices were typically calculated to be around 0.1% under monochromatic low light intensities. Efforts to extend the classical semiconductor picture of... 

The excellent photosensitivity and relatively high energy conversion efficiencies obtained from the bulk hetcrojunction materials arc promising. The monochromatic power efficiencies for conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices are around... 

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Dang, M. T. Hirsch, L. Wantz, G., P3ht Pcbm, best seller in polymer photovoltaic research. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 3597-3602. 

Hodgkiss JM, Campbell AR, Marsh RA, Rao A, Albert-Seifried S, Friend RH (2010) Subnanosecond geminate charge recombination in polymer-polymer photovoltaic devices. Phys Rev Lett 104 177701... 

Liu Q, Liu Z, Zhang X et al (2009) Polymer photovoltaic cells based on solution-processable graphene and P3HT. Adv Funct Mater 19 894—904... 

Xu Y, Long G, Huang L et al (2010) Polymer photovoltaic devices with transparent graphene electrodes produced by spin-casting. Carbon 48 3308-3311... 

Hallermann M, Haneder S, Da Como E (2008) Charge-transfer states in conjugated polymer/ fullerene blends below-gap weakly bound excitons for polymer photovoltaics. Appl Phys Lett 93 053307... 

It is indeed intriguing and very attractive to think of photovoltaic elements based on thin plastic films with low cost but large areas, cut from rolls and deployed on permanent structures and surfaces. In order to fulfil these requirements, cheap production technologies for large scale coating must be applied to a low cost material class. Polymer photovoltaic cells hold the potential of such low cost cells. Flexible chemical tailoring of desired properties, combined with the cheap technology already well developed for all kinds of plastic thin film applications, precisely fulfill the above-formulated demands for cheap photovoltaic device production. The mechanical flexibility of plastic materials is welcome for all photovoltaic applications onto curved surfaces in indoor as well as outdoor applications. 

In the case of thin devices, the transmittance may not be zero and the concept of IQE becomes less well defined. Most polymer photovoltaic cells are quite thin and only the photons absorbed in the active regions of the device can contribute to the photocurrent. The useful absorptance in the cells is given by... 

These novel properties are the basis for a number of application including polymer light emitting diodes (LEDs), polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), conducting polymers as electrochromic materials, polymer photodetectors and polymer photovoltaic cells. These application areas are discussed in detail in Section VII. 

Since polymers can be deposited from solution, large area photocells can be made quite cheaply, on curved and even flexible substrates. This is particularly important for solar cells, which must be large to collect substantial amounts of solar energy. Unfortunately, polymer photovoltaic cells are not yet efficient enough for practical use. 

Li G., Shrotriya V., Huang J., Yao Y., Moriarty T., Emery K. and Yang Y., High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends . Nature Materials 4, 864—868. 

Barker J. A., Ramsdale C. M. and Greenham N. C. (2003), Modeling the cnrrent-voltage characteristics of bilayer polymer photovoltaic devices , Phys. Rev. B 67, 075205-1-075205-9. 

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