Polymer-metal interfaces and

Figure 2 Velocity field triangulation at the inlet using 64 triangles. The dotted line indicates the polymer-metal interface, and the dimensions are in centimeters.

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has become an important and widely used tool in material science (1-3). It has been a particularly fruitful technique for the investigation of polymers (4-9). In this review, we will focus on the application of photoelectron spectroscopy to the investigation of the interfaces between metals and polymers. These studies are directed primarily to understand the role of Interfacial chemistry in the adhesion between metals and polymers. Two aspects, which will be emphasized here, are the experimental approaches in PES studies of polymer/metal interfaces and the types of information accessible from the PES experiments. The experimental emphasis will be on preparation of appropriate samples for polymer/metal interface studies, practical problems... 

New experimental results on specific polymer material problems are presented in the last nine chapters. Several cases involve the study of polymers from commercial sources. The topics include (1) surface chemistry as induced by (a) outdoor weathering, (b) chemical reactions, and (c) plasma exposure (2) chemical bond formation at the polymer -metal interface and (3)biomaterials characterization and relationship to blood compatibility. 

WILLIAM H. SMYRL is Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences and Associate Director of the Center for Corrosion Research at the University of Minnesota. He received his Ph.D. (chemistry) at the University of California, Berkeley, and spent 3 years at the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories and 11 years at Sandia National Laboratories. He joined the faculty of the University of Minnesota in 1984. His research interests are modeling of corrosion processes, in situ techniques for metal-metal oxide interface studies, digital impedance for faradaic analysis, stress corrosion cracking, polymer-metal interfaces, and electrochemical processes. 

Let us consider the role of electrode processes at the polymer-metal interface and their effect on current generation in M1-P-M2 systems. 

The reaction between PANI and the hydroxide ions limits the increase in pH at the polymer-metal interface and creates a buffering effect on the electrolyte pH. This is a very important quality for inhibiting cathodic disbondment, which strongly depends on the concentration of OH" in the interface [72]. 

Bharathan, J.M., and Y. Yang. 1998. Polymer/metal interfaces and the performance of polymer light-emitting diodes. / Appl Phys 84 3207-3211. 

Polymer-Metal Interfaces and the P-I-N Structure of the Polymer Light-Emitting Diode... 

J.M. Burkstrand, Chemical interactions at polymer-metal interface and the correlation with adhesion, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 20 (3) (1982) 440. 

The shear stresses at the polymer-metal interface and melting fluxes at a fixed pressure of 0.7 MPa for all resins were measured. Equations 1 through 3 were used in the computations of the shear stress (r) due to solid-state friction, shear stress due to a viscous mechanism, and melting flux (F ) of the resins, respectively. 

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