Polymer IUPAC nomenclature

The IUPAC nomenclature system recognizes that most of the common (commercial) polymers have source-based or semisystematic names that are well established by usage. IPUAC does not intend that such names be supplanted by the IUPAC names but anticipates that such names will be kept to a minimum. The IUPAC system is generally used for all except the common polymers. The IUPAC names for various of the common polymers are indicated below the more established source or semisystematic name in the following ... 

The IUPAC nomenclature will be used in this book with some exceptions. One exception is the use of well-established, non-IUPAC names for most of the commonly encountered polymers of commercial importance. Another exception will be in not following rule 2 for writing the constitutional repeating unit (although the correct IUPAC name will be employed). Using the IUPAC choice of the CRU leads in some cases to structures that are longer and appear more complicated. Thus the IUPAC structure for the polymer in Eq. 1-3 is... 

IUPAC, Nomenclature for Regular Single-Strand and Quasi-Single-Strand Inorganic and Coordination Polymers ,... 

A slightly more complicated example in which the monomer is essentially three dimensional even though the connection remains linear is illustrated in Figure 4 [7]. Using IUPAC nomenclature this polymer (whose monomer contains two pentagons, one rectangle and two triangles) is named Poly(tricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]hept-3,5-ylene). Its systemic name is ... 

Various blocks may even be statistical or periodical copolymers. Block copolymers are also formed by the combination of suitable end groups of homopolymers of various monomers. This may occur either by direct combination or by means of a bonding group. According to the IUPAC nomenclature [3] these copolymers are designated as polyMl-A/or/ -polyM2-/>/c>cA --polyMj-6/ocfc-polyM... 

IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers (Recommendations 1975), Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976) Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p.91 (1991). 

Widhalm et al. (1991) reported the use of noncrosslinked polyacrylamide for protein separation in fused silica capillaries. This matrix has low viscosity and can be replaced between separations, greatly facilitating automation of the separation. A wide range of noncrosslinked polymers has been used for size-based protein separations. Noncrosslinked polymers do not form a gel, and it is inappropriate to refer to this separation as gel electrophoresis. A number of names have been used for the method. In an effort to standardize nomenclature, IUPAC has used the term capillary sieving electrophoresis. 

Concerning the nomenclature of higher-dimensionality silicon polymers such as networks, ladders, cages, and dendrimers, the variety of architectures possible is too great to treat concisely here, and the reader is directed to IUPAC sources.2... 

The inadequacy of the preceding nomenclature systems was apparent as the polymer structures being synthesized became increasingly complex. The IUPAC rules allow one to name... 

The polymer is commonoly referred to as poly(dimethylsiloxane), but the IUPAC name is either poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl) or catena-poly[(diphenylsilicon)-p-oxo] depending on whether one uses the nomenclature rules for organic or inorganic polymers. The prefix catena refers to a linear polymer, not branched or crosslinked. 

It was first reported in the early 1970s that these melt processible polymers could best be described as thermotropic systems which usually display an nematic texture in the melt phase [5]. Subsequently, a number of additional phases have been reported ranging from discotic structures to highly ordered smectic E G systems with three dimensional order. In the last several years an IUPAC sponsored study on nomenclature on thermotropic LPCs has been underway. A more complete set of definitions will be available shortly as a result of Recommendation No. 199 IUPAC [6]. 

A Macromolecular Division of IUPAC was created in 1967, and it created a permanent Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, parallel to the other nomenclature commissions. The Commission over the years has issued recommendations on basic definitions, stereochemical definitions and notations, structure-based nomenclature for regular singlestrand organic polymers and regular single-strand and quasi-singlc-strand inorganic and coordination polymers, source-based nomenclature for polymers and abbreviations for polymers. All of these are collected in a compendium referred to as the IUPAC Purple Book. 

An alternate nomenclature system based upon IUPAC principles polymer systems has also been developed but it has not been adopted broadly. Using this method, 15-crown-5 would be called cyclo[pentakis(oxyethylene)] instead of 1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopen-tadecane. In this case, substituents and other heteroatoms make the names more complex. 

PBDEs have been called one of the emerging pollutants . They are extensively used as flame retardants (FRs) in various polymers and especially in electronic equipment such as computers and television sets. Similar to PCBs, there are 209 congeners of PBDEs, and the nomenclature system is also based on the same IUPAC scheme used for PCBs. But unlike PCBs, for which large-scale production has been banned for many years, PBDEs are still widely used and their transport and transformation in the environment are still poorly understood. The global demand for PBDEs has increased rapidly since the 1970s. In 1992, the global production of PBDEs was 40,0001, but in 1999 this had increased to approximately 70,0001 (Renner, 2000). 

Ibid., 158. Cf., Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, Macromolecular Division of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Minutes of the meeting in Sydney, Australia, 19-22 July 1998, 4 (Courtesy of Teiji Tsuruta) id., Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996), Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (1996) 2287-2311. 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

This polymer has one of the simplest molecular structures ([CH2CH2—] ) and is at present the largest tonnage plastic material, having first been produced commercially in 1939 for use in electrical insulation. There is a difficulty over the nomenclature of this polymer. The IUPAC recommended name for the monomer is ethene, rather than the older ethylene. Hence the IUPAC name for the polymer is poly (ethene). However, this name is almost never used by chemists working with the material throughout this book, therefore, this polymer will be referred to by its more widespread name, poly (ethylene). 

Like poly (ethylene), there are formal problems with the nomenclature of this polymer, since its IUPAC name, poly(propene), is also rarely if ever used by polymer chemists. Since, in practice, no ambiguity is associated with the non-systematic name, this is the one that is generally used, as it will be throughout this book. 

The second edition of the Purple Book is subdivided into two parts, TERMINOLOGY (Part I) and NOMENCLATURE (Part II), and the recommendations are online accessible. (Free pdf versions of the published documents of the polymer division can be found at http //www. iupac.org/indexes/Projects/bodies/400 and click on the corresponding project (all projects are listed here) where a description of the projea is given and a link to the Pure and Applied Chemistry Volume if a recommendation has already been published.) The Purple Book comprises within its two parts the following chapters. 

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