Polymer fibres, advanced

Lea o AL, Rowell R, Tavares N et al (1998) Applications of natural fibres in automotive industry in Brazil - thermoforming process. In Prasad PN (ed) Science and technology of polymers and advanced materials. Plenum, New York... 

Moy, S. S. J., Clark, J. and Clarke, H. (2004), The strengthening of wrought iron using carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites . Advanced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications in Construction, (ACIC 2004). L. C. Hollaway, M. K. Chryssanthopoulos and S. S. J. Moy (eds). Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp. 258-265. 

Key words sustainable energy, wind turbines, tidal energy, wave energy, solar power, advanced polymer/fibre composites. 

Abstract This chapter will introduce advances in properties, production and manufacturing techniques of the advanced polymer/fibre composite materials that are utilised in the manufacture of machines that produce sustainable energy. Chapter 19 discussed the various methods of transferring wind, tidal, wave and solar energies into electrical power and this chapter will show how advanced composites are utilised in these various machines. Furthermore, it will suggest methods for the repair, maintenance and recycling of advanced polymer composite wind turbine blades. Finally, the future trends of sustainable energy systems and the role that polymers and polymer/fibre composites will have in their manufacture/fabrication will be evaluated. 

Baltussen, J.J.M. (2005), Polymeric and inorganic fibres. Advances in Polymer Science, Berlin, New York Springer, vi, 168 p. 

Polymers for Advanced Technologies International Symposium, Budapest 9 Wollerdorfer, M. and Bader, H. (1998) Influence of natural fibres on the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers. Industrial Crops and Products, 8, 105. 

Over the past 20 years no new commodity polymer has been developed. This is because of the advances in fabrication, blends (both miscible and non-miscible), fibre reinforcement, etc. Thus films with up to 11 different polymer layers have been developed. 

Advances in polymer and fibre science and in the manufacturing technologies of fibres, yarns and fabrics have been the driving force behind the development of smart textiles and innovative products that fulfil customer expectations. In contrast with the situation that existed 20years ago, these products now find applications primarily in sectors outside the textile field. Therefore, fibre, yam and clothing producers are in constant pursuit of developing new materials in order to meet the demands for both traditional and technical textiles to be used for applications outside the textile industry. 

R. Kirschbaum, J. L. J. van Dingenen, Advances in gel spinning technology and Dyneema fibre applications . Integration of polymer science and technology, 3 Rolduc Conf. Elsevier Amsterdam (1988). 

Advanced composites [43] are engineering materials that offer similar mechanical properties to metal alloys but are less dense. The materials consist of fibres embedded in a polymer matrix and there is a need for spectroscopic techniques that can examine the cured resins in the presence of the fibres to aid the understanding of the cure chemistry. The products are often highly cross-linked and thus insoluble, and the presence of the fibre matrix makes them difficult to study spectroscopically. INS has considerable potential in this regard since two common fibre t)q)es, glass and carbon are invisible to neutrons. 

Now let me try to get some insists into molecular mechanisms of the mechanic fracture in polymers 73). The l teilin model was originally proposed in ex]danation of the mechano-radical formatirm in the hi y stretched fibre. However, one can apply the Peterlin model to the fracture ptenomena in crystalline polymers, because large deformations proceed always in advance of a mechanical fracture. Thus, the tie molecules are assumed to be only parts vtdiich are broken in the case of destmction of bulk polymers. The fact that no mechano-radical is formed from the polymer having no tie mdecules even after the milling supports the interpretation mentioned ove. However, for amorjdious pd[ymers such as PMMA and PB, formation of the mechano-radkals is not attributed to the ruptures of the tie molecules, becau% neither the crystalline parts nor frie tie molecule exist in an amorphous polymer and no particular part of the polymer, on which the applied stress is concentrated, can be assumed in the amorphous polymer. It was found that the polymer chains are ruptured even in the case of an amorphous polymer, like PMMA, PB, and other elastomers, as mentioned in the Section III. The medianism other than the Peterlin model is needed to explain the bond scissions of polymer chains in the amorphous pdymers. 

Important reference works on the subject can be found in The Setting of Fibres and Fabrics (J.W.S. Hearle and L.W.C. Miles, eds.), Merrow, Hert.s. UK, 1971 Fibres. Films Plastics and Rubbers by W.J. Roff and J.R. Scott, Butterworths, London. 1971 Fibres from Synetlietic Polymers, by 1. Marshall and J.R. Whinfield, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1953 Advances in Fibre Science (S.K. Mukhopadhyay, ed.). The Textile Institute, 1992. 

Polyester polymers are materials which exhibit various chemistries but all contain ester linkages in the polymer chain. They have attained industrial importance as moulded materials, fibres, packaging film and as structural materials which are reinforced with fibres and fillers. Chemists, John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson, employees of the Calico Printer s Association of Manchester, patented polyethylene terephthalate in 1941, after advancing the early research of Wallace Carothers. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) is the basis of polyester fibres and fizzy drinks botdes. The first polyester fibre known as Terylene was also developed in 1941. 

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