Polyfvinyl chloride , plasticizers

Draw a line-bond structure for vinyl chloride, C2H3CI, the starting material from which PVC [polyfvinyl chloride)) plastic is made. 

Approximately 10 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane are manufactured each year in the United States by the reaction of ethylene with chlorine. The process is the first step in making PVC [polyfvinyl chloride)] plastics. 

Figure 4.7 Shear modules, G vs. temperature, measured for a time scale of approximately 1 s, polyfvinyl chloride) plasticized with diethylhexyl succinate. I, 100% monomer, II, 91% III, 79% IV, 70.5% V 60.7% VI, 51.8% VII, 40.8%. (From Schneider, K. and Wolf K., KoHoid Z., 127, 65, 1952.)...

Polyfvinyl acetate), uses of, 242 Poly(vinyl butyral), uses of, 1222 Poly(vinyl chloride), plasticizers in, 1216... 

Akutin (52) performed an exhaustive study on the influence of processing conditions and the nitrile rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) ratio on the mechanical characteristic of the product. The experiments were carried out in a Brabender Plastograph at 160-180° C and rotor speed of 10-50 rpm. The polyfvinyl chloride) molecular weight was 83500. A resin with an epoxy group content of 20.75% was added to the blend as plasticizer and stabilizer. Figure 29 shows that the... 

C j 4 alkyl group) 0.5—8.0%, and binder 15—45%. The binder contains 15—45% polymeric material, such as poly (vinyl acetate) or polyfvinyl chloride) with the lower alkyl esters of NC and 65— 85% oxygenated hydrocarbon plasticizers (such as lower alkylene glycols their oxalates, maleates, diglycolates or nitrodiphenyl ethers, etc). E.g. AN 78, Prussian Blue 3, N-amino-alkylmorpholine 3) binder 12, carbon black 3 MgO I%]... 

Tinting of Plastics. Carbon black is used in large amounts for the black and gray tinting of plastics, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyfvinyl chloride)... 

Modulus-temperature behavior of amorphous polymers is also affected by admixture with plasticizers. These are the soluble diluents described briefly in Section 12.3.2. As shown in Fig. 11-11, the incorporation of a plasticizer reduces Tg and makes the polymer more flexible at any temperature above Tg. In polyfvinyl chloride), for example, T can be lowered from about 85°C for unplaslicized material to —30°C for blends of the polymer with 50 wt % of dioctyl phthalate plasticizer. A very wide range of mechanical properties can be achieved with this one polymer by variations in the type and concentration of plasticizers. 

A plasticizer is a material that enhances the processibiIity or flexibility of the polymer with which it is mixed. The plasticizer may be a liquid or solid or another polymer. For example, rigid polyfvinyl chloride) is a hard solid material used to make credit cards, pipe, house siding, and other articles. Mixing with about 50-100 parts by weight of phthalate ester plasticizers converts the polymer into leathery products useful for the manufacture of upholstery, electrical insulation, and other items. Plasticizers in surface coatings enhance the flow and leveling properties of the material during application and reduce the brittleness of the dried film. 

Plasticizers—small organic molecules that act as lubricants between chains—eire usually added to thermoplastics to keep them from becoming brittle at room temperature. A good example is polyfvinyl chloride), which is brittle when pure but becomes supple and pliable when a plasticizer is added. In fact, the drip bags used in hospitals to deliver intravenous solutions are made of polyfvinyl chloride). Dialkyl phthalates such as di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate are commonly used for this purpose, although questions about their safety have recently been raised. 

The DSC determination of many polymers has been described by numerous studies illustrative examples are those for plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate in polyfvinyl chloride) (202) brominated bisphenol A resin (203) cured epoxy resin (204) polystyrene (205) and others. 

Polyethylene is used for milk, food, and detergent bottles. Polypropylene is used for outdoor carpeting for home and sports stadia. Polyfvinyl chloride) is used for home siding and plastic pipe. Polystyrene is used for hot drinking cups and fast-food containers. Polytetrafluoroethylene is used for nonstick cookware. Polymerization of these and other alkenes on an industrial scale is responsible for producing over 50 billion lb per year of plastic and elastomer products in the United States. 

Polyfvinyl chloride) (PVC), which becomes rubbery after blending with sufficient of a suitable plasticizer. 

Dural 776/X6 Polyfvinyl chloride)/ABS high impact alloy Alpha Chem. Plastics... 

Luvitherm Polyfvinyl chloride) foil, PVC BASF Plastics... 

Thermaflo Polyfvinyl chloride) footwear compounds, PVC Evode Plastics Ltd. 

Vinidur Polyfvinyl chloride), PVC, and impact-modified PVC with 5-15 wt% acrylate-graft copolymer BASF Plastics... 

When a plasticizer is blended into a polymer, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer decreases. The variation Tg for a mixture of polyfvinyl chloride) (PVC) and dioctyl phthalate... 

FlqursT A typicil lanpcratune-doniain dicIcctTic transitkm for a plasticized polyfvinyl chloride) in c , 9 reproentation showiirg admixture of oonductivity with kMS. 

The first completely synthetic plastic, phenol-formaldehyde, was introduced by L. H. Baekeland in 1909, nearly four decades after J. W. Hyatt had developed a semisynthetic plastic—cellulose nitrate. Both Hyatt and Baekeland invented their plastics by trial and error. Thus the step from the idea of macromolecules to the reality of producing them at will was still not made. It had to wait till the pioneering work of Hermann Staudinger, who, in 1924, proposed linear molecular structures for polystyrene and natural rubber. His work brought recognition to the fact that the macromolecules really are hnear polymers. After this it did not take long for other materials to arrive. In 1927 polyfvinyl chloride) (PVC) and cellulose acetate were developed, and 1929 saw the introduction of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins. 

Lindfors, T., F. Sundfors, L. Hofler, and R.E. Gyurcsanyi. 2011. The water uptake of plasticized polyfvinyl chloride) solid-contact calcium-selective electrodes. Electroanalysis 23 2156-2163. 

Some adhesives will diffuse into the surface. The polymer chains of the adhesive interact locally with the polymer chains of the substrate and the two fuse together. Solvent-based adhesives are probably the best example of this adhesion theory. Cyclohexanone and similar solvents are widely used in the medical industry for bonding tubular polyfvinyl chloride) (and other plastic) medical devices. The cyclohexanone is usually applied to the male part by dipping the tube into a container. The solvent evaporates quite quickly but there is sufficient time to assemble the components and as the solvent evaporates, it bonds the two parts together to give a very effective bond. 

---