Polychlorinated biphenyls physical properties

Burkhard, L.P. (1984) Physical-Chemical Properties of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls Measurement, Estimation, and Application to Environmental Systems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. 

Metcalfe, D.E., Zukovs, G., Mackay, D., Paterson, S. (1988) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) physical and chemical property data. In Hazards, Decontamination and Replacement of PCB A Comprehensive Guide. Crine, J.P., Ed., pp. 3-33, Plenum Press, New York. 

The applicability of using these interdisciplinary approaches, which include incorporation of various physical and chemical properties of the pollutants, QSARs/QSPRs and multicomponent joint action modeling are discussed and evaluated using a group of toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, i. e., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 

Shiu, W.Y. and Ma, K.C. 2000, Temperatrrre dependence of physical-chemical properties of selected chemicals of envirorrmental interest. II. Chloroberrzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxirrs, and dibenzofurarrs. J. Phys. CherrL Ref. Data 29 387-462. 

The technology primarily treats clays because their physical and chemical properties, such as external and internal active surfaces produced by their fine crystalline structure, make them difficult to decontaminate. ARC asserts that pilot studies showed that the technology works well on perchloroethylene (PCE), xylene, phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). 

Mackay and Shiu (1981) and Shiu and Mackay (1986) reviewed the physical-chemical properties of a variety of organic chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and recommended H from a selected value of vapor pressure and aqueous solubility. Eastcott et al. (1988) and Suntio et al. (1988) also gave H for hydrocarbons and pesticide chemicals, respectively. Mackay, Shiu, and Ma (1992a, 1992b, 1993, 1995, 1997) compiled physical-chemical properties, including Henry s law constants for many organic chemicals of environmental interest. 

Mackay, D., W.-Y. Shiu, and K.C. Ma. 1992a. Illustrated Handbook of Physical - Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate of Organic Compounds. I. Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons, Chlorobenzenes and Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 697 pages. 

Li, N., Wania, F., Lei, Y.D., Daly, G.L. (2003) A comprehensive and critical compilation, evaluation, and selection of physical-chemical property data for selected polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 32, 1545-1590. 

Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y. (1977) Aqueous solubility of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 22, 399—402. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y, Billington, J.W., Haung, G.L. (1983) Physical chemical properties of polychlorinated biphenyls. In Physical Behavior of PCBs in the Great Lakes. Mackay, D., Paterson, S., Eisenreich, S.J., Simmons, M.S. Eds., pp. 59-69, Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) are common impurities in chlorophenol formulations, which were earlier used as fungicides, slimicides, and as wood preservatives. PCDEs are structurally and by physical properties similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). They have low water solubility and are lipophilic. PCDEs are quite resistant to degradation and are persistent in the environment. In the aquatic environment, PCDEs bioaccumulate. These compounds are found in sediment, mussel, fish, bird, and seal. PCDEs show biomagnification potential, since levels of PCDEs increase in species at higher trophic levels. PCDEs are also detected in human tissue. Despite the persistence and bio accumulation, the significance of PCDEs as environmental contaminants is uncertain. The acute toxicity and Ah-receptor-me-diated (aryl hydrocarbon) activity of PCDEs is low compared to those of polychlorinated di-benzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Due to structural similarity to thyroid hormone, PCDEs could bind to thyroid hormone receptor and alter thyroid function. Furthermore, PCDEs might be metabolized to toxic metabolites. In the environment, it is possible that photolysis converts PCDEs to toxic PCDDs and PCDFs. 

Physical Properties Polychlorinated biphenyl contain 16% chlorine the solubility of PCB decreases with increasing chlorination (0.04—0.2 ppm) colorless oil soluble in oils and organic solvents odorless boiling point... 

Physical and Chemical Properties of Several Congeners of Polychlorinated Biphenyls... 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES polychlorinated biphenyl containing 42% chlorine the solubility of PCB decreases with increasing chlorination (0.04-0.2 ppm) colorless to dark brown liquid, viscous oily liquid hydrocarbon odor slightly soluble BP (325-366C) DN (1.381-1.392 g/mL 25°C) SG (1.35) VP (4.06x10 torr 25°C estimated) solubility in water (0.24 mg/L 25°C) Log Kow (4.11) H (5.7x10 atm-m /mole)... 

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Short-chain alkyl halides find extensive use as solvents and are common contaminants of ground water. Polychlorinated biphenyls are global contaminants as a consequence of their extensive use and persistence. Chlorinated dioxins and furans are produced as combustion by products or contaminants in reactions with chlorophenols. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in defining the physical chemical properties that determine their environmental behavior. 

Temperature Dependence of Physical-Chemical Properties of Selected Chemicals of Environmental Interest. II Chlorobenzenes, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Dibenzofurans This comprehensive data set compiles aqueous solubility, vapor pressure and Henry s law constant for temperatures in the environmental range. Recommended values are given along with equations for estimating values as a function of temperature. Phase change enthalpies are also included. 

Table II. Physical-chemical properties of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) homologues and some polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Data are from Mackay elal. (1995, 1997).

The third exanqile for polycyclic aromatic compoimds of environmental concern is the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The vast majority of PCBs in the environment are derived from commercial mixtures iAroclors), which contain 60 to 80 different congeners. These mixtures have found widespread industrial use in the past, owing to their physical and chemical stability and their dielectric properties. Inadequate waste disposal has led to their release into the environment, and they have been routinely detected in soil and water samples since the early 1960s. 

Unfortunately situations can arise in which not only is a suitable internal standard not available, neither is an analytical standard. A common occurrence is in environmental analyses for groups of closely related compounds, e.g., the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), where a laboratory may not have access to standards (analytical or internal) for all 210 congeners in such multi-residue analyses a limited number of standards are used and quantitation of a congener for which no standard is available uses data for one that is believed to have chemical and physical properties as closely similar as possible. Of course this does introduce possible systematic errors into the determination. 

---