Polychlorinated biphenyls in soil

Hickey WJ, DB Searles, DD Focht (1993) Enhanced mineralization of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil inoculated with chlorobenzoate-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1194-1200. 

Field Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Soil and Sediment Using a Portable Gas Chromatograph... 

Sklarew, D.S., Girvin, D.C. (1987) Attenuation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 98, 1-41. 

Alford Stevens et al. [49] carried out a multi-laboratory study of automated gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determinations of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. The influence of various factors on the accuracy of analytical results were studied. Shaker extraction for 12.5h followed by Florisil chromatography were demonstrated to be the most reliable methods for extraction and clean-up. 

A photoactivated luminescence method has been described for the rapid screening of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil [51]. 

Johnson and Van Emon [57] have described a quantitative enzyme based immunoassay procedure for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and sediments and compared the results with those obtained by a gas chromatographic method. The soil is extracted with methanol, or Soxhlet extracted or extracted with a supercritical fluid. In the case of the latter two extractants good agreement was obtained between immunoassay and gas chromatographic methods. Spiking recoveries from soil achieved ranged from 104% (Aroclor 1248) to 107% (Aroclor 1242). Detection limits were 9pg kg-1 (Aroclor 1245) and 10.5pg kg-1 (Aroclor 1242). Chlorinated anisoles, benzenes or phenols did not interfere. 

Brunner, W., Sutherland, F. H. Focht, D. D. (1985). Enhanced biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil by analog enrichment and bacterial inoculation. Journal of Environmental Quality, 14, 324-8. 

Lajoie, C. A., Layton, A. C. Sayler, G. S. (1994). Cometabolic oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil with a surfactant-based field application vector. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 2826-33. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [107] showed that microwave-assisted extraction of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil is a viable alternative to Soxhlet extraction and needs a smaller sample volume and extraction time [108,109]. These techniques have also been compared in the case of chlorophenols. Lopez-Avila et al. compared microwave-assisted extraction with electron capture gas chromatography to ELISA for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. Both techniques are applicable to field screening and monitoring applications. Microwave-assisted extraction [111, 112] and solid-phase microextraction [113] have been applied to the extraction of pesticides from soil. It was observed by these and other workers [114] that the selectivity of microwave-assisted extraction is highly dependent on the soil composition. 

Griffin, R.A., Clark, R., Lee, M.C., Chian, E.S.K. (1978) Disposal and removal of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. In Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste. David Schultz Ed., EPA-600/9-78-016, pp. 169-181. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Tucker, E.S., Litschgi, W.J., Mees, W.M. (1975) Migration of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil induced by percolating water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13, 86. 

Ohsaki Y, Matsueda T. 1994. Levels, features and a source of non-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl in soil. Chemosphere 28(l) 47-56. 

Sklarew DS, Girvin DC (1986) Attenuation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. Reviews Environ Contam Toxicol 98 1-41. 

Korte, N. E., West, O. R., Liang, L., Gu, B., Zutman, J. L., and Fernando, Q. (2002). The effect of solvent concentration on the use of palladized-iron for the step-wise dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil extracts. Waste Manag. 22, 343-349. 

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