Polychlorinated biphenyls effects

Thuvander, A., and Carlstein, M., Sublethal exposure or rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to polychlorinated biphenyls effects on the humoral immune response to Vibrio anguillarum, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 1, 77, 1991. 

Traas, T.P., Luttik, R., Klepper, O., Beurskens, J.E., Smit, M.D., Leonards, P.E.G., Hattum, B. van and Aldenberg, T. (2001). Congener-specific model for polychlorinated biphenyl effects on otter Lutra lutra) and associated sediment... 

Fein GG, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, et al. 1984b. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls Effects on birth size and gestational age. J Pediatr 105 315-320. 

Common examples of compounds that are amenable to carbon adsorption are aromatics (benzene, toluene) and chlorinated organics (trichloroethylene, trichloroethane [71-55-6, 75 -(9(9-j5y, tetrachloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT /T(9-77-77, pentachlorophenol [87-86-5J. Compounds that are not adsorbed effectively by carbon include ethanol [64-17-5], diethylene glycol [111-46-6], and numerous amines (butylamine [109-73-9, 13952-84-6, 75-64-9], triethanolamine [102-71-6], cyclohexylamine [108-91-8], hexamethylenediamine [108-91-8] (1). Wastewater concentrations that are suitable for carbon adsorption are generally less than 5000 mg/L. 

It is known that the brain is one of the most sensitive sites of action of steroids in utero, and recently there have been suggestions that EDs may affect normal brain development and behaviour. For example, it has been alleged that in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs) resulted in adverse effects on neurologic and intellectual function (memory and attention) in young children born to women who had eaten PCB contaminated fish in the USA." It has also been speculated that exposure to environmental pollutants with steroidal activity may be infinencing human sexual development and sexually controlled behavioiir." ... 

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... 

Gutleb, A.C., Appehnan, J., and Bronkhorst, M. et al. (2000). Effects of oral exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the development and metamorphosis of two amphibian species (Xenopus laevis and Rana temporaria). Science of the Total Environment 262, 147-157. 

Matta, M.B., Caimcross, C., and Kocan, R.M. (1997). Effect of a polychlorinated biphenyl metabolite on early life stage survival of two species of trout. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59, 146-151. 

Nebeker, A.V., Puglisi, E.A., and Defoe, D.L. (1974). Effect of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds on survival and reproduction of fathead minnow and llagfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103, 562-568. 

Platonow, N.S. and Reinhart, B.S. (1973). Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) on chicken egg-production, fertility and hatchability. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine—Revue Canadienne De Medecine Comparee 37, 341-346. 

Qin, Z.F., Zhou, J.M., and Cong, L. et al. (2005). Potential ecotoxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on Xenopus laevis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 2573-2578. 

Egaas E, U Varanasi (1982) Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and environmental temperature on in vitro formation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites by liver of trout (Salmo gairdneri). Biochem Pharmacol 31 561-566. 

Wu Q, DL Bedard, J Wiegel (1997a) Effect of incubation temperature on the route of microbial reductive dechlorination of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated and PCB-free freshwater sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2836-2843. 

These industrial chemicals are widely used as the precursors for a wide range of products, which include agrochemicals, pharmaceutical products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybro-minated diphenyl ether flame retardants. For almost all of them, serious concern has arisen over their adverse environmental effects. 

Furukawa K, N Tomizuka, A Kamibayashi (1979) Effect of chlorine substitution on the bacterial metabolism of various polychlorinated biphenyls. Appl Environ Microbiol 38 301-310. 

Valnes of have been measnred for a number of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and applied to a nnmber of commercial PCB mixtures. Both the number and the position of the chlorine snbstitnents affected the depletion of C, and this reflected the mannfacturing procednres that involved kinetic isotope effects as well as the source of the biphenyl starting material (Jarman et al. 1998). It was snggested that this could be applied to determine the source of PCBs in the environment. 

Wren CD, Hunter DB, Leatherland JF, Stokes PM. 1987a. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and methyhnercury, singly and in combination on mink. 2. Reproduction and kit development. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16 449 54. 

Shaw G (1993) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB s) effects on humans and environment. In Cohn M, ed. Handbook of hazardous materials. Academic Press, San Diego. 

UV filters are currently considered as emerging environmental contaminants of increasing concern since most of the commonly used are known to cause endocrine disrupting effects in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as in human skin cells [4]. These compounds bioaccumulate in fish at similar levels to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT [5, 6]. 

The van t Hoff equation also has been used to describe the temperature effect on Henry s law constant over a narrow range for volatile chlorinated organic chemicals (Ashworth et al. 1988) and chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (ten Hulscher et al. 1992, Alaee et al. 1996). Henry s law constant can be expressed as the ratio of vapor pressure to solubility, i.e., pic or plx for dilute solutions. Note that since H is expressed using a volumetric concentration, it is also affected by the effect of temperature on liquid density whereas kH using mole fraction is unaffected by liquid density (Tucker and Christian 1979), thus... 

Wren, C.D., D.B. Hunter, J.F. Leatherland, and P.M. Stokes. 1987a. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury, singly and in combination, on mink. I. Uptake and toxic responses. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16 441-447. 

Maximum concentrations of chlordanes in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) taken in the Gulf of Mexico in 1976 were near 0.1 pg/kg dry weight (Table 13.2). Chlordane concentrations were substantially lower than concentrations of other organochlorines measured in oysters, such as DDT (28 pg/kg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (90 pg/kg), suggesting a need for additional studies on interaction effects of chlordane residues with those of other environmental chemicals (Rosales et al. 1979). 

Van den Berg, M., B.L.H.J. Craane, T. Sinnige, S. Van Mourik, S. Dirksen, T. Boudewijn, M. Van der Gaag, I.J. Lutke-Schipholt, B. Spenkelink, and A. Brouwer. 1994. Biochemical and toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dihcnzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the cormorant (.Phalacrocorax carbo) after in ovo exposure. Environ, Toxicol. Chem. 13 803-816. 

Data from Parkinson, A. and S. Safe. 1987. Mammalian biologic and toxic effects of PCBs. Pages 49-75 in S. Safe (ed.). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Environ. Toxin Ser. 1. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Black, D.E., R. Gutjahr-Gobell, R.J. Pruell, B. Bergen, and A.E. McElroy. 1998a. Effects of a mixture of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls on reproduction in Fundulus heteroclitus (Linneaus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1396-1404. 

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