Polychlorinated biphenyls bioremediation

Shannon, M.J.R., Rothmel, R., Chunn, C. D. Unterman, R. (1994). Evaluating polychlorinated biphenyl bioremediation process from laboratory feasibility testing to pilot demonstrations. In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and PAH Compounds, ed. R. H. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini S. K. Ong, pp. 354-8. Boca Raton, FL Lewis Publishers. 

This includes bioremediation cases of contaminated sites with several toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs, dichlorobenzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, Dicamba, methyl bromide, trinitrotoluene, silicon-based organic compounds, dioxins, alkyl-phenol polyethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The following is a brief summary of each case. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were manufactured by catalytic chlorination of biphenyl to produce complex mixtures, each containing 60-90 different PCB molecular species or congeners (see Chaps. 1 and 4). In the United States, PCB mixtures were manufactured by Monsanto under the trade name Aroclor and were widely used as dielectric fluids in capacitors and transformers from 1929 to 1978. PCBs are widespread contaminants of aquatic sediments and continue to be a focus of environmental concern because they tend to accumulate in biota and are potentially toxic. The following sections show the most effective bioremediation techniques applied to various PCB contaminated environments ... 

TandUch, R. Vrana, B. Balaz, S. 2003, Monitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Slovakian Freshwater Sediments Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices. In The Utilization of Bioremediation to Reduce Soil Contamination Problems and Solutions Sasek, V., Glaser, J., Baveye, P. Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, The Netherlands 221-226. 

Bearehaven Reclamation, Inc. (Bearehaven), in situ bioremediation is a proprietary technology for the treatment of organic contaminants. According to the vendor, the process can readily remediate trichloroethylene (TCE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diesel fuel, and other more complex organic compounds in soil, water, sludge, and landfills. 

BioSystems Technology s CSR process is an anaerobic bioremediation technology for soils and aqueous media contaminated with chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls... 

Bioremediation using Biodrain is not possible for compounds resistant to biodegradation. Much longer degradation times are required for compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) 3 to 7 years may be required for highly resistant contaminants. Bioremediation is also limited by below-freezing temperatures and free aqueous metals concentrations. Metals can be extracted or immobilized prior to biotreatment. Biodrain cannot be installed in rock or some landfill situations unless holes are drilled first. Current installation limits are approximately 40 ft. 

The MBI anaerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dechlorinating granular consortia technology is an in situ bioremediation technology that uses anaerobic microbial consortia in granular form to remediate PCBs in contaminated soils and sediments. 

Carvone is a chemical component of the spearmint plant that has been shown to enhance the growth and ability of Arthrobacter bacteria to degrade polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Until this discovery the only known method of strmnlating the bioremediation of PCBs was addition of biphenyl to the soil however, biphenyl is itself a toxic snbstance. 

Lajoie, C. A., Zylstra, G. J., DeFlaun, M. F. Strom, P. F. (1993). Development of field application vectors for bioremediation of soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 1735—41. 

Morris, P.J. Pritchard, P. H. (1994). Concepts in improving polychlorinated biphenyl bioavailability to bioremediation strategies. In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and... 

Bioremediation has been successfully demonstrated for a variety of contaminant classifications. The majority of the studies have focused on petroleum compounds (BTEX, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) because of their widespread occurrence as a contaminant. The other major waste classifications where bioremediation has been successful are solvents (toluene, trichloroethylene, etc.), creosote, pulp and paper, pesticides, textiles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 1 contains a partial list of the microbial genus successfully implemented for these contaminants. For aqueous petroleum contaminants, bacteria and yeasts are the most prevalent degraders. In contaminated soil systems, bacteria and fungi are the microorganisms responsible for degradation. ... 

Hurme TS, Puhakka JA. 1997. Polychlorinated biphenyl biotransformations by aerobic and anaerobic boreal lake sediment microorganisms. In Alleman BC, Leeson A, eds. In situ and on-site bioremediation Volume 2. Columbus, OH Battelle Press, 427-432. 

Robinson GK, Leim MJ. 1994. The bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Problems and perspectives. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 12 139-188. 

Sylvestre M, Sondossi M. 1994. Selection of enhanced polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading bacterial strains for bioremediation Consideration of branching pathways. In Chaudhry GR, ed. Biod Degrad Biorem Toxic Chem. Portland, OR Dioscorides Press, 47-73. 

Bioremediation. Human society is increasingly exploiting the flexible appetite of microbes (particularly bacteria) to remediate environments containing contaminants such as industrial waste, crude oil, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Bioremediation is usually classified as either in situ or ex situ and is defined as the use of microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, and their enzymes to return a contaminated environment to its original... 

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