Polycarbonates propylene oxide

Many companies have said that if an alternative route to a derivative was economically justifiable that would be used in preference to a chlorine route. This has already had an impact on the technology of choice in some production routes to isocyanates, polycarbonate, propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin. 

Chemical Manufacturing. Chemical manufacturing accounts for over 50% of all U.S. caustic soda demand. It is used primarily for pH control, neutralization, off-gas scmbbing, and as a catalyst. About 50% of the total demand in this category, or approximately 25% of overall U.S. consumption, is used in the manufacture of organic intermediates, polymers, and end products. The majority of caustic soda required here is for the production of propylene oxide, polycarbonate resin, epoxies, synthetic fibers, and surface-active agents (6). 

Propylene oxide can be copolymerized with other epoxides, such as ethylene oxide (qv) (25,29,30) or tetrahydrofiiran (31,32) to produce copolymer polyols. Copolymerization with anhydrides (33) or CO2 (34) results in polyesters and polycarbonates (qv), respectively. 

Carbon Dioxide and Carbon DisulUde. Propylene oxide and carbon dioxide react ia the presence of tertiary amine, quaternary ammonium haUdes, or calcium or magnesium haUde catalysts to produce propylene carbonate (52). Use of catalysts derived from diethyUiac results ia polycarbonates (53). 

Carbon dioxide can itself be used as a feedstock as well as a solvent for the synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonates by precipitation polymerization. Propylene oxide [39] and 1,2-cyclohexene oxide [40] can both be polymerized with CO2 using a heterogeneous zinc catalyst (Scheme 10.21). 

Carbon dioxide is one of the most abundant carbon resources on earth. It reacts with an epoxide to give either a cyclic carbonate or a polycarbonate depending on the substrates and reaction conditions. Kinetic resolution of racemic propylene oxide is reported in the formation of both cyclic carbonate and polycarbonate. The fe ei value defined as ln[l-(conversion)(l+%ee)]/ln[l-(conversion)(l% ee)] reached 6.4 or 5.6 by using a Co(OTs)-salen complex with tetrabutylammonium chloride under neat propylene oxide or using a combination of a Co-salen complex and a chiral DMAP derivative in dichloromethane, respectively. 

Co(OAr)-salen complex [Ar = 2,4-(N02)2CeH3] with tetrabutylammonium chloride under neat propylene oxide, quite similar to the conditions for the cyclic carbonate synthesis, give polycarbonate with fe ei of 3.5. ° Without any additives, the use of Co(OAc)-salen provides the polycaronate with fe ei of 2.8. ... 

Table 6.2 shows the important applications of sodium hydroxide. Direct applications can be further broken down into pulp and paper (24%), soaps and detergents (10%), alumina (6%), petroleum (7%), textiles (5%), water treatment (5%), and miscellaneous (43%). Organic chemicals manufactured with sodium hydroxide are propylene oxide (23%), polycarbonate (5%), ethyleneamines (3%), epoxy resins (3%), and miscellaneous (66%). Inorganic chemicals manufactured are sodium and calcium hypochlorite (24%), sodium cyanide (10%), sulfur compounds (14%), and miscellaneous (52%). As you can see from the number of applications listed, and still the high percentages of miscellaneous uses, sodium hydroxide has a very diverse use profile. It is the chief industrial alkali. 

Li XH, Meng YZ, Chen GQ, Li RKY (2004) Thermal properties and rheological behavior of biodegradable aliphatic polycarbonate derived from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. J Appl Polym Sci 94 711-716... 

Lu L, Huang K (2005) Synthesis and characteristics of a novel aliphatic polycarbonate, poly [(propylene oxide)-co-(carbon dioxide)-co-(gamma-butyrolactone)]. Polym hit 54 870-874... 

Liu Y, Huang K, Peng D, Wu H (2006) Synthesis, characterization and hydrolysis of an aliphatic polycarbonate by terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide and maleic anhydride. Polymer 47(26) 8453-8461... 

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Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyacrylonitrile Polymethacrylonitrile Polybutadiene Polyisoprene Polychloroprene Poly(methylene oxide) Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(tetramethylene oxide) Poly(propylene oxide) Poly(hexamethylene succinate) Poly(hexamethylene sebacate) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Nylon 6 Polycarbonate... 

The largest single use for sodium hydroxide is in the production of organic compounds from which polymers are made, such as propylene oxide and the ethylene amines, and of the polymers themselves, including the polycarbonates and epoxy resins. About a third of all the sodium hydroxide produced in the United States goes to this application. Another important use of sodium hydroxide is in the pulp and paper industry, where it is used to digest (break down) the raw materials from which pulp and paper are made. About 13 percent of all the sodium hydroxide made in the... 

Polymeric nanocomposites are a class of relatively new materials with ample potential applications. Products with commercial applications appeared during the last decade [1], and much industrial and academic interest has been created. Reports on the manufacture of nanocomposites include those made with polyamides [2-5], polyolefins [6-9], polystyrene (PS) and PS copolymers [10, 11], ethylene vinyl alcohol [12-15], acrylics [16-18], polyesters [19, 20], polycarbonate [21, 22], liquid crystalline polymers [8, 23-25], fluoropolymers [26-28], thermoset resins [29-31], polyurethanes [32-37], ethylene-propylene oxide [38], vinyl carbazole [39, 40], polydiacethylene [41], and polyimides (Pis) [42], among others. 

Organics include propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, and the phosgene based chemicals, TDI, MDJ, and polycarbonates. 

In order to examine the possibility of the synthesis of polyether-polycarbonate type block copolymer, the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide was... 

These procedures for investigating blends can be combined with the chain-dynamics techniques presented in Sec. III.D. Addition of polycarbonate to a poly(hexaneamide)/poly(propylene oxide) blend hardens the material this has been attributed to restrictions in the mobility of the amine nitrogen in the polyamide caused by interfacial interactions among the other blend components [242]. The solid-state heteronuclear WISE (wzdeline 5cparation) experiment can be tailored to selectively highlight the interface... 

The polymerization of epoxides, such as propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide, in the presence of COj to produce polycarbonates has been an area of considerable interest and has been reviewed recently. A number of metal ion complexes have been found to catalyze the process. A general outline of the possible reactions is shown in Scheme 5.16, where the initial reactant is the result of COj insertion into an alkoxide, as shown in reaction (5.24). This Scheme does not show the many stereochemical possibilities if the epoxide is chiral. 

The development of catalysts based on transition metals by Ziegler and Natta [11] allowed the development of stereospecific propylene polymerization processes and ethylene polymerization in the 1950s. Several process schemes were developed at that time, of which some are still in use. The major problem in process development has been to deal with the heat of polymerization, an issue that was solved, for example, by using an inert solvent as a heat sink or by flashing of monomer followed by condensation outside the reactor. In the same period, polycarbonate and (somewhat later) poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) were developed. The main characteristic of the polymers developed so far was that they were bulk materials, to be produced in extremely large quantities. 

Because CO2 is a nontoxic, nonflammable, and inexpensive substance, there is continued interest in its activation with transition metal complexes and its subsequent use as a Cl feedstock (1,2). Even though CO2 is used to make commodity chemicals such as urea, salicylic acid and metal carbonates, efficient catalyst systems that exploit this feedstock as a comonomer in polymerization reactions have been elusive (3,4). One reaction that has been considerably successful is that of CO2 with epoxides to yield aliphatic polycarbonates (Scheme 1) (5). Of particular significance is the synthesis of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), because the starting materials—propylene oxide (PO) and CO2—are inexpensive. 

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