Polyamide glass-fibre-reinforced

Frames and seat slides of front and back seats can be made out of GMTs. Long glass fibre reinforced polyamides are used for very light seats intended for sports cars. 

Figure 4.113 displays three examples of flexural strength retention versus temperature for neat, carbon fibre reinforced and glass fibre reinforced polyamide-imides. The three curves are not distinguishable note the steady decay up to 260°C. 

Mat and continuous glass fibre reinforcements theoretically all the thermoplastics are usable in these forms, but up to now developments have concentrated on polypropylenes (PP), polyamides (PA) and thermoplastic polyesters (PET) fibre-reinforced PEEK, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) are used for high-performance applications. They are presented in a range of forms from stampable sheets to pellets, prepregs, ribbons, impregnated or coated continuous fibre rods. More rarely (as in the case of PA 12, for example), the thermoplastic is provided in liquid form. 

Figure 6.8 plots the reinforcement ratios for short glass fibre reinforced polyamide (PA-GF) versus neat polyamide for six important characteristics calculated versus density and material cost. These characteristics are tensile strength, tensile and flexural modulus, impact strength, HDT A and B. 

Table 6.35 displays some basic property examples of long glass fibre reinforced polyamides and polypropylenes. 

The use of glass fibre reinforced polyamide or BMC for engine covers the two techniques are industrialized. One is predominant in the USA, the other in Europe and Japan. The main characteristics are roughly similar, as shown in Table 7.3. 

Table 7.3 displays property examples of glass fibre reinforced polyamide and BMC. 

Flexible plastics and rubbers can, as a matter of fact, only be treated with rubber-elastic lacquers, mainly on the basis of polyurethane, which, moreover, should be resistant to oxidation, oils, fuel and UV light. Besides, polyurethane lacquers are often used for several other plastics, such as PVC, polyamides, ABS and glass-fibre reinforced resins. 

Braun, U., Schartel, B., Fichera, M.A., and Jaeger, C. 2007. Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6. Polym. Deg. Stab. 92 1528-1545. 

In all cases PTFE polyamide residues can be observed on the fracture surface of glass fibre-reinforced polyamide materials. These results are the basis to transfer... 

It is rare for plastic components to be exposed to a single temperature during their entire service life. An under-the-bonnet component, such as a radiator end-cap, injection moulded from glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 66 could undergo a temperature profile during its service life such as the one displayed in Table 2.5. 

P. A. Eriksson, Mechanical Recycling of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyamide 66, Departement of Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (1997). 

As an example of the complexity of organisational issues associated with Life Cycle Engineering, Figure 6.1 shows the possible stakeholders in a recycling scheme of an automotive under-the-bonnet application, in this case a radiator end-cap made from a reinforced polymer, short glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA 66 + GF). 

The radiator end-cap of an automotive radiator sub-assembly is currently made from glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA 66+GF), which is particularly suitable for under-the-bormet applications as it maintains high stiffness and strength at high temperatures. For the radiators mounted in cars made by the Volvo Car Corporation, the raw material is supplied by DuPont de Nemours to the component producer, AB Konstruktions-Bakelit. This company then supplies the finished component to the sub-assembly producer which then ships the finished assembly to Volvo. 

The polymer that KB processes in the largest volume is glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 66 (PA 66+GF). Due to stringent requirements from OEMs, certain applications may produce off-specification items. There are three alternatives to handle these parts ... 

Figure 7,14 A forecast of the growth of heat stabilised glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 66 present in end-of-life vehicles (elv).

Aka Akay, M., Oregan, D. F. Fracture behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polyamide mouldings. Polym. Test. 14 (1995) 149-162. 

Recycling has a dramatic influence on the mechanical and thermal properties of unstabilised polyamide 66. However, glass fibre reinforced polyamide 66 may be recycled up to four times without any significant deterioration in the performance of the material. Proper amounts and combinations of processing additives and antioxidants, together with optimised processing parameters, make it possible to recycle polyamides without significant losses of mechanical properties. 

Short glass fibre reinforced polyamide-6,6 - melamine polyphosphate (30%) 48... 

As a resnlt of this and further studies by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), solid-state NMR and electron probe microanalysis, Dabrowski and co-workers [27] conclude that melamine polyphosphate is an efficient flame retardant additive in polyamide-6,6 (glass fibre reinforced or not). The glass fibres are shown to strongly inflnence the fire performance of the intumescent FR material. A reactivity between the additive and the glass fibre and the formation of alumino-phosphates was demonstrated. These species might be responsible for the improvement of the FR behaviour particularly in the conditions of the LOI test. 

Various types of flame retardant additives have been used in polyamides including magnesium hydroxide - red phosphorus in glass fibre reinforced polyamide [76], chemically modified montmorillonite organoclays [77], surface modified nanosilica [77], carbon nanofibres in polyamides 11 and 12 [78], and dodecyl sulfate anion-modified MgAl (H-DS) interlayers in polyamide 6 [79]. 

Giessler, S. and Mack, H. (2003) Organofunctional silanes — molecular bridges for glass fibre reinforced polyamides. Reinf. Plast, 22, 28-32. 

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