Polyamide fibre reinforced

Investigations of ablation require special experimental techniques. For example, when glass or polyamide fibre-reinforced high-temperature phenolic resins were subjected to a high-temperature plasma arc, the mass loss rate could be represented by an Arrhenius plot as shown in Figures 3.75 and 3.76. 

Fig. 3.76 Ratio of mass loss to absorbed energy for polyamide fibre-reinforced phenolic resins exposed to a plasma arc Reprinted from Ref. 59, p. 267, by courtesy of Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Frames and seat slides of front and back seats can be made out of GMTs. Long glass fibre reinforced polyamides are used for very light seats intended for sports cars. 

More than 60% of polyamides are reinforced with glass fibres (in more than 80% of reinforced grades) or mineral fillers (more than 10%). 

For a carbon fibre reinforced polyamide-imide, compared to the value at ambient temperature, the percentage retention of flexural strength is roughly ... 

Figure 4.113 displays three examples of flexural strength retention versus temperature for neat, carbon fibre reinforced and glass fibre reinforced polyamide-imides. The three curves are not distinguishable note the steady decay up to 260°C. 

Mat and continuous glass fibre reinforcements theoretically all the thermoplastics are usable in these forms, but up to now developments have concentrated on polypropylenes (PP), polyamides (PA) and thermoplastic polyesters (PET) fibre-reinforced PEEK, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) are used for high-performance applications. They are presented in a range of forms from stampable sheets to pellets, prepregs, ribbons, impregnated or coated continuous fibre rods. More rarely (as in the case of PA 12, for example), the thermoplastic is provided in liquid form. 

Figure 6.8 plots the reinforcement ratios for short glass fibre reinforced polyamide (PA-GF) versus neat polyamide for six important characteristics calculated versus density and material cost. These characteristics are tensile strength, tensile and flexural modulus, impact strength, HDT A and B. 

Short fibre reinforced polyamide E-glass Aramid Carbon... 

Table 6.30 shows the properties of the same thermoplastic (short fibre reinforced polyamide) reinforced with the same level of the three main reinforcement fibres, illustrating the effect of the fibre nature. 

Some basic property examples of short aramid, glass and carbon fibre reinforced polyamide are shown earlier in Table 6.30. 

Table 6.35 displays some basic property examples of long glass fibre reinforced polyamides and polypropylenes. 

The use of glass fibre reinforced polyamide or BMC for engine covers the two techniques are industrialized. One is predominant in the USA, the other in Europe and Japan. The main characteristics are roughly similar, as shown in Table 7.3. 

Table 7.3 displays property examples of glass fibre reinforced polyamide and BMC. 

Flexible plastics and rubbers can, as a matter of fact, only be treated with rubber-elastic lacquers, mainly on the basis of polyurethane, which, moreover, should be resistant to oxidation, oils, fuel and UV light. Besides, polyurethane lacquers are often used for several other plastics, such as PVC, polyamides, ABS and glass-fibre reinforced resins. 

Braun, U., Schartel, B., Fichera, M.A., and Jaeger, C. 2007. Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6. Polym. Deg. Stab. 92 1528-1545. 

Research on the pyrolysis of thermoset plastics is less common than thermoplastic pyrolysis research. Thermosets are most often used in composite materials which contain many different components, mainly fibre reinforcement, fillers and the thermoset or polymer, which is the matrix or continuous phase. There has been interest in the application of the technology of pyrolysis to recycle composite plastics [25, 26]. Product yields of gas, oil/wax and char are complicated and misleading because of the wide variety of formulations used in the production of the composite. For example, a high amount of filler and fibre reinforcement results in a high solid residue and inevitably a reduced gas and oiFwax yield. Similarly, in many cases, the polymeric resin is a mixture of different thermosets and thermoplastics and for real-world samples, the formulation is proprietary information. Table 11.4 shows the product yield for the pyrolysis of polyurethane, polyester, polyamide and polycarbonate in a fluidized-bed pyrolysis reactor [9]. 

Nylon 6T melts at 370 C, Nomex is practically flameproof. Kevlar, poly (p-phynyleneterephthalamide) represents a break-through in high modulus aromatic polyamide fibre and mainly used as reinforcement tyres, conveyers belt etc., PBI is... 

In all cases PTFE polyamide residues can be observed on the fracture surface of glass fibre-reinforced polyamide materials. These results are the basis to transfer... 

To summarize, many fibre-reinforced thermoplastics are not suitable for extended exterior exposure where the maintenance of appearance is important unless their surface is protected. Some unprotected applications that are found include car door handles, rear-view mirror housings and body panels (for all of which polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate are used), as well as parts for caravans, boats and snowmobiles. 

It is rare for plastic components to be exposed to a single temperature during their entire service life. An under-the-bonnet component, such as a radiator end-cap, injection moulded from glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 66 could undergo a temperature profile during its service life such as the one displayed in Table 2.5. 

P. A. Eriksson, Mechanical Recycling of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyamide 66, Departement of Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (1997). 

---