Polyalkylene

Polyalkylene glycols, particularly polypropylene glycols, represent 17% of French market in 1992. 

The most common liquid lubricants are mineral oils (usually naphthenic), esters (either diesters or complex esters), polyalpha olefins and polyalkylene glycols. 

Ucon HTF-500. Union Carbide Corp. manufactures Ucon HTE-500, a polyalkylene glycol suitable for Hquid-phase heat transfer. The fluid exhibits good thermal stabHity in the recommended temperature range and is inhibited against oxidation. The products of decomposition are soluble and viscosity increases as decomposition proceeds. The vapor pressure of the fluid is negligible and it is not feasible to recover the used fluid by distiHation. Also, because the degradation products are soluble in the fluid, it is not possible to remove them by filtration any spent fluid usuaHy must be burned as fuel or discarded. The fluid is soluble in water. 

The polyalkylene glycol polymer employs a starter that consists of a relatively reactive alcohol and a smaller amount of its potassium or sodium salt. With propylene oxide, for instance, initiation of the polymeri2ation then involves the starter in the following steps ... 

Poly(alkylene glycol)s are also used as lubricity additives ia water-based synthetic cutting and grinding fluids (36), and ia aqueous metalworking fluids. Under the high frictional heating at the tool or die contact with the workpiece, the polyalkylene glycol comes out of solution ia fine droplets which coat the hot metal surfaces. 

E. M. Fettes and F. O. Davis, in N. G. Gaylord, ed.. Polyethers, III, Polyalkylene Sulfides and Other Poly thioethers. Interscience PubHshers, New York,... 

Polyalkylene polyamines find use in a wide variety of appHcations by virtue of their unique combination of reactivity, basicity, and surface activity. With a few significant exceptions, they ate used predominantly as intermediates in the production of functional products. End-use profiles for the various ethyleneamines ate given in Table 6. 

Although connection of polyalkylene or poly(alkylene oxide) groups to the polyamine is most commonly by the succinimide linkage, a different linking group is employed in another important class of ashless dispersants— the Mannich bases. They are prepared on a commercial scale by reaction of an alkylphenol with formaldehyde and a polyamine (173—177). The alkyl and polyamine moieties are similar to those used in the succinimide products. 

Surface active agents are important components of foam formulations. They decrease the surface tension of the system and facilitate the dispersion of water in the hydrophobic resin. In addition they can aid nucleation, stabilise the foam and control cell structure. A wide range of such agents, both ionic and non-ionic, has been used at various times but the success of the one-shot process has been due in no small measure to the development of the water-soluble polyether siloxanes. These are either block or graft copolymers of a polydimethylsiloxane with a polyalkylene oxide (the latter usually an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer). Since these materials are susceptible to hydrolysis they should be used within a few days of mixing with water. 

Polyalkylene oxides (PAO) are prone to chain transfer. This tendency was used by Union Carbide to graft acrylate side chains via UV exposure of a PAO/acrylic monomer(carbamyloxy alkyl acrylate)/photoinitiator blend [58]. The final product was a water-sensitive PSA. 

Composition Alkylated Alkylated Modified Byphenyl and Polydimethyl Polyalkylene Inhibited... 

Interfacial polycondensation between a diacid chloride and hexamethylenediamine in the presence of small amounts of ACPC also yield polymeric azoamid, which is a macroazo initiator.[27] In this manner, azodicarbox-ylate-functional polystyrene [28], macroazonitriles from 4,4 -azobis(4-cyano-n-pentanoyl) with diisocyanate of polyalkylene oxide [29], polymeric azo initiators with pendent azo groups [3] and polybutadiene macroazoinitiator [30] are macroazoinitiators that prepare block and graft copolymers. 

Polyalkylene polyamides and other nonsilicone synthetic antifoams are particularly useful in controlling foaming problems. These chemicals also provide defoaming and demulsification benefits. 

NOTE Early polyalkylene polyamide antifoam formulations (1940s) developed by Dearborn Chemical Company (now G.E. Betz, formerly Hercules Betz-Dearborn) employed protective colloid technology. These products generally were in powder or briquette form. 

The most common BW antifoam employed today is UCON 50-HB-5100, from Union Carbide Corporation, which is the linear POP(33), POE(45) ether of butyl alcohol, or polyalkylene glycol monobutylether (PAGMBE). 

Both polyalkylene glycols [45] and side chain polymeric alcohols such as polyvinyl alcohol have been suggested. These substances are comparatively environmentally safe [1420,1553]. 

The most important additives are polyethyleneoxide, polypropyleneoxide, and polybutyleneoxide. They are also referred to as polyalkylene glycols, but this name is correct strictly for derivatives of 1,2-diols. 

Modified phenol-formaldehyde resins Polyalkylene polyamine salts Dithiocarbamate of bis-hexamethylenetriamine OiW OiW [531]... 

Because of the high molecular weight of the modified polyalkylene glycol, the oil dehydration already occurs when used alone. The compound acts synergistically with other conventional demulsifiers. 

Reacting a high-molecular-weight polyalkylene glycol (PAG) with ethylene oxide (EO) to form a PAG/EO adduct... 

Polyalkylene polyamine salts are prepared by contacting polyamines with organic or inorganic acids. The polyamines have a molecular weight of at least 1000 Dalton and ranging up to the limits of water solubility [1185]. In a process of demulsification of the aqueous phase of the broken bitumen emulsions, the pH is adjusted to deactivate the demulsifier so that the water may be used in subsequent in situ hot water or steam floods of the tar sand formation. 

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