Polyacrylonitrile-based electrolyte

Wang Z Huang B Xue R Huang X Chen L, Spectroscopic investigation of interactions among components and ion transport mechanism in polyacrylonitrile based electrolytes. 

Peramunage D, Pasquaiiello DM, Abraham KM (1995) Polyacrylonitrile-based electrolytes with ternary solvent mixtures as plasticizers. J Electrochem Soc 142(6) 1789-1798. doi 10.1149/1.2044195... 

Tsutsumi H, Matsuo A, Takase K, Doi S, Hisanaga A, Onimura K, Oishi T (2000) Conductivity enhancement of polyacrylonitrile-based electrolytes by addition of cascade nitrile compounds. J Power Sources 90(l) 33-38, http //dx.doi.oig/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00444-4... 

Wang, C. H., H. C. Hsu, and J. H. Hu. 2014. High-energy asymmetric supercapacitor based on petal-shaped Mn02 nanosheet and carbon nanotube-embedded polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber working at 2 V in aqueous neutral electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources 249 1-8. 

Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to both the chemical and the stmctural variations of a material, liquid or solid/ As an in situ technique, Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterize the crystalline structural variation of graphite anodes and Li vPj and LiMn O cathodes in lithium ion batteries during lithium ion insertion and extraction. In the authors laboratory, Raman spectroscopy was used to extensively study the strong interactions between the components of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based electrolytes, the competition between the polymer and the solvent on association with the Li ions, the ion transport mechanisms of both salt-in-polymer and polymer-in-salt electrolytes. Based on the Raman spectroscopic study, Li ion insertion and extraction mechanisms in low-temperature pyrolytic carbon anode have also been proposed. " In many cases, Raman spectroscopy is used as compensation to the IR spectroscopy to give a complete understanding to the structure of a substance though there are as many cases that Raman spectroscopy is used independently. 

Figure 22.19 Cycling data for a lithium-PAN (polyacrylonitrile)-based polymer electrolyte oxygen battery at room temperature in an atmosphere of oxygen. The cathode contained 20wt% catalyzed Chevron...

Polymer gels based on polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyacrylonitrile, and aprotic solvents containing added alkali metal salts, gave appreciable room-temperature conductivity. However, solvent volatility and voltage stability of the electrolyte were serious problems. 

Pandey, G. P., A. C. Rastogi, and C. R. Westgate. 2013. Polyacrylonitrile and 1-ethyl-3-methyliniidazolium thiocyanate based gel polymer electrolyte for solid-state supercapacitors with graphene electrodes. Electrochemical Capacitors 50 145-151. 

Tamilarasan, R, and S. Ramaprabhu. 2013. Graphene based all-solid-state supercapacitors with ionic liquid incorporated polyacrylonitrile electrolyte. Energy 51 374-381. 

The well-known fact that the rate of electrochemical reactions is proportional to the surface area of the electrode makes ICP electrospun fibers ideal candidates as electrode materials in other small electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors and batteries. The small diameter of the fibers makes it possible for ions to rapidly diffuse between the center of the fiber and the surrounding electrolyte, which should lead to enhanced performance of electrochemical devices constructed from these electrospun fibers. Although no energy storage devices have so far been fabricated that utilize ICP electrospun fiber electrodes, there have been reports of using graphitized polyacrylonitrile electrospun fibers as the electrode material for fabricating carbon-based supercapacitors [186]. 

Flexible supercapacitors were made from PEDOT nanolibers as electrodes and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanolibers as separator by Larfogue et al. [19]. The PEDOT nanolibers were produced by combination of electrospinning and vapor-phase polymerization to form a conductive mat, and were used as the active material (electrodes), separated by a sheet of PAN nanolibers. Carbon-based clothes were used as the current collectors. The material layers were stacked together and embedded in a solid electrolyte containing an ionic liquid and polyvinylidene lluoride-co-hexa-fluoro-propylene (PVDF-co-HFP) as the host polymer. 

Raghavan P, Manuel J, Zhao X, Kim D-S, Ahn J-H, Nah C (2011) Preparation and electrochemical characterization of gel polymer electrolyte based on electrospun polyacrylonitrile nonwoven membranes for lithium batteries. J Power Sources 196(16) 6742-6749. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.089... 

Wu G, Yang H-Y, Chen H-Z, Yuan F, Yang L-G, Wang M, Fu R-J (2007) Novel porous polymer electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile. Mater Chem Phys 104(2-3) 284-287, http //dx.doi.oig/ 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.03.013... 

Prasanth R, Aravindan V, Srinivasan M (2012) Novel polymer electrolyte based on cobweb electrospun multi component polymer blend of polyacrylonitrile/poly(methyl methacry-late)/polystyrene for hthium ion batteries-Preparation and electrochemical characterization. J Power Sources 202 299-307. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.11.057... 

Jung H-R, Ju D-H, Lee W-J, Zhang X, Kotek R (2009) Electrospun hydrophilic fumed silica/polyacrylonitrile nanofiber-based composite electrolyte membranes. Electrochim Acta 54(13) 3630-3637. doi 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.01.039... 

Up to now, many types of polymer gel electrolytes have been used in quasi-solid-state DSSCs, including polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). PVDF-HFP exhibits high ionic conductivity and stability at room temperature however, the complex preparation technology and the poor mechanical strength of these gel polymer-based DSSCs represent a bottleneck to their introduction to the market. To overcome this problem, the electrospinning of such polymers has been performed with the aim of integrating the resulting fibrous, easy-to-obtain, and low-cost materials as electrolytes [23]. 

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